{"references": ["Ivan Nikulsea. Chronicle of the Moldavian chronicler. Iasi, 1845.", "Archival materials of the Kharkov province. Case number 10. sheet 332.", "Jablonka E., Lamb M. J. Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. 360 \u0440. ISBN 0-19-854063-9, ISBN 978-0-19-854063-2, ISBN 978-0- 19-854063-2.", "Jablonka E., Lamb M. J. Evolution in four dimensions: Genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and symbolic variation in the history of life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. 576 \u0440. ISBN 0-262-10107-6.", "Koonin E. V. Does the central dogma still stand? Biol. Direct. 2012. Vol. 7. P.27.", "Starvation-induced transgenerational inheritance of small RNAs in C. elegans / O. Rechavi, L. Houri-Ze'evi, S. Anava, W. S. Goh, S. Y. Kerk, G. J. Hannon, O. Hobert. Cell. 2014. Vol. 158. P. 277\u2013287.", "Smythies J., Edelstein L., Ramachandran V. Molecular mechanisms for the inheritance of acquired characteristics-exosomes, microRNA shuttling, fear and stress: Lamarck resurrected? Front. Genet. 2014. Vol. 5. P. 133.", "Shapiro J. A. Physiology of the read-write genome. J. Physiol. 2014. Vol. 592. \u2116 11. \u0420. 2319\u20132360.", "Stern D. L. The genetic causes of convergent evolution. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2013. Vol. 14. P. 751\u2013764.", "Stick insect genomes reveal natural selection's role in parallel speciation / V. Soria- Carrasco, Z. Gompert, A. A. Comeault, T. E. Farkas, T. L. Parchman, J. S. Johnston, C. A. Buerkle, J. L. Feder, J. Bast, T. Schwander, S. P. Egan, B. J. Crespi, P. Nosil. Science. 2014. Vol. 344. P. 738\u2013742.", "Miller D., Roesti S. E., Schluter D. A. A Single Interacting Species Leads to Widespread Parallel Evolution of the Stickleback Genome. Curr Biol. 2019. Vol. 4, N 29 . P. 530\u2013537. e6.", "Wang X., Wood T. K. S5 inserts upstream of the master motility operon flhDC in a quasi-Lamarckian way. ISME J. 2011. Vol. 9. P.1517\u20131525.", "Saier M. H Jr., Zhang Z. Transposon-mediated directed mutation controlled by DNA binding proteins in Escherichia coli. Front. Microbiol. 2014. Vol. 5. P.390.", "Metchnikoff E. E. Essay on the Origin of Species. URSS, 2010. P. 250.", "Baer. V. Ueber Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere. Scholion. 1828. \u2116 V. \u0420. 199\u2013232.", "Arendt D. Comparative aspects of gastrulation. Gastrulation. From cells to embryos. Cold Spring Harbor Press. 2004. P. 679\u2013693.", "Nielsen C. Animal evolution. Interrelationships of the living phyla. Oxford University Press. 2001. \u0420. 563.", "Price A. L. , Patel N. H. The evolution of gastrulation: Cellular and molecular aspects. In Gastrulation. From cells to embryos. Cold Spring Harbor Press. 2004. P. 695\u2013701.", "Leys S. P., Degnan B. M. Embryogenesis and metamorphosis in a haplosclerid demosponge: Gastrulation and transdifferentiation of larval ciliated cells to choanocytes. Invertebr. Biol. 2002. Vol. 121. P.171\u2013189.", "Leys S. P., Eerkes-Medrano D. Gastrulation in Calcareous Sponges: In Search of Haeckel's Gastraea. Integr. Comp. Biol. 2005. Vol. 45. P.342\u2013351.", "Binnie F. G., Metchnikoff E. Immunity in infective diseases. London: Cambridge University Press, 1905.", "Italiani P., Boraschi D. From monocytes to M1/M2 macrophages: phenotypical vs. functional differentiation. Front. Immunol. 2014. Vol. 5. P. 514.", "Chen G., Zhuchenko O., Kuspa A. Immune-like Phagocyte Activity in the Social Amoeba. Science. 2007. Vol. 317. P.678\u2013681.", "Non-self recognition by monocytes initiates allograft rejection / M. H. Oberbarnscheidt, Q. Zeng, Q. Li, H. Dai, A. L. Williams,W. D. Shlomchik, D. M. Rothstein, F. G. Lakkis. J. Clin. Invest. 2014. V.124. P.3579\u20133589.", "Lakkis F. G., Li Innate X. C. Allorecognition by Monocytic Cells and Its Role in Graft Rejection. Am J Transplant. 2018. Vol. 18 (2). P. 289\u2013292.", "Epigenetic programming of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and trained innate immunity / Saeed S., Quintin J., Kerstens H. H., Rao N. A., Aghajanirefah A., Matarese F. [et al.]. Science. 2014. Vol. 345 (6204). P. 125\u20131086.", "Donor SIRPa polymorphism modulates the innate immune response to allogeneic grafts / Dai H., Friday A. J., Abou-Daya K. I., Williams A. L, Mortin-Toth S., Nicotra M. L [et al.]. Science Immunology. 2017. Vol. 2(12). eaam6202.", "Lourbopoulos A., Erturk A., Hellal F. Microglia in action: how aging and injury can change the brain's guardians. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2015. Vol. 9. P. 54.", "Metchnikoff's policemen: macrophages in development, homeostasis and regeneration / 3rd J. A. Stefater, S. Ren, R. A. Lang, J. S. Duffield. Trends. Mol. Med. 2011. Vol. 17. P. 743\u2013752.", "Microglia promote the death of developing Purkinje cells / J. L. Marin-Teva, I. Dusart, C. Colin, A. Gervais, N. van Rooijen, M. Mallat. Neuron. 2004. Vol. 41. P. 535\u2013547.", "Cunningham C. L. V., Martinez-Cerdeno S. C. , Noctor Microglia regulate the number of neural precursor cells in the developing cerebral cortex / C. L. Cunningham. J. Neurosci. 2013. Vol. 33. P. 4216\u20134233.", "Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner / D. P. Schafer, E. K. Lehrman, A. G. Kautzman, R. Koyama, A. R. Mardinly, R. Yamasaki, R. M. Ransohoff, M. E. Greenberg, B. A. Barres, B. Stevens. Neuron. 2012. Vol. 74. P. 691\u2013705.", "Bahrini I., Hanayama I. Neuronal exosomes facilitate synaptic pruning by up-regulating complement factors in microglia. Sci. Rep. 2015. Vol. 5. P.7989.", "Mechanisms driving macrophage diversity and specialization in distinct tumor microenvironments and parallelisms with other tissues / E. Van Overmeire, D. Laoui, J. Keirsse, J. A. Van Ginderachter, A. Sarukhan. Front. Immunol. 2014. Vol. 5. P.127.", "Muraille, E. Redefining the Immune System as a Social Interface for Cooperative Processes. PLoS Pathog. 2013. Vol. 9. P.e1003203", "Bosch, T. C. Understanding complex host-microbe interactions in Hydra. Gut Microbes. 2012. Vol. 3. P. 345\u2013351.", "Nyholm S. V., Graf J. Knowing your friends: invertebrate innate immunity fosters beneficial bacterial symbioses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2012. Vol. 10. P. 815\u2013827.", "Metchnikoff E. The Nature of Man. Studies in Optimistic Philosophy, Mitchell, P. C. / transl., G. P. Putnam's Sons. New York, London, 1903. 58 p.", "Podolsky S. Cultural divergence: Elie Metchnikoffs' Baciillus bulgaricus therapy and his underlying concept of health. Bull. Histo. Med. 1998. Vol. 72. P.1\u201327.", "Longevity in mice is promoted by probiotic-induced suppression of colonic senescence dependent on upregulation of gut bacterial polyamine production / M. Matsumoto, S. Kurihara, R. Kibe H. Ashida, Y. Benno. PLoS One. 2011. Vol. 6. P.e23652.", "Matsumoto M. H., Ohishi Y. Benno Impact of LKM512 yogurt on improvement of intestinal environment of the elderly. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2011. Vol. 31. P.181\u2013186.", "Upregulation of colonic luminal polyamines produced by intestinal microbiota delays senescence in mice / R. Kibe, S. Kurihara, Y. Sakai, H. Suzuki, T. Ooga, E. Sawaki, K. Muramatsu, A. Nakamura, A. Yamashita, Y. Kitada, M. Kakeyama, Y. Benno, M. Matsumoto. Sci. Rep. 2014. Vol.4. P. 4548.", "Eisenberg ,T. Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity / T. Eisenberg, H. Knauer, A. Schauer, S. Buttner, C. Ruckenstuhl. Nat. Cell. Biol. 2009. Vol. 11. P.1305\u20131314.", "Sims, G. P. HMGB1 and RAGE in inflammation and cancer [Text] / G. P. Sims D. C. Rowe, S. T. Rietdijk, R. Herbst, A. J. Coyle. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2010. Vol. 28. P. 367\u2013388.", "Brown G. C., Neher J. J. Eaten alive! Cell death by primary phagocytosis: 'Phagoptosis'. Trends Biochem Sci. 2012. Vol. 37. P.325\u2013332.", "Neukomm L. J. Loss of the RhoGAP SRGP-1 promotes the clearance of dead and injured cells in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat. Cell. Biol. 2011. Vol. 13. P.79\u201386", "Fricker M. MFG-E8 mediates primary phagocytosis of viable neurons during neuroinflammation. J. Neurosci. 2012. Vol. 32. P.2657\u20132666.", "Phagocytosis executes delayed neuronal death after focal brain ischemia / J. J. Neher, J. V. Emmrich, M. Fricker, P. K. Mander, C. Th\u00e9ry, G. C. Brown. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 2013. Vol. 110. P.4098\u20134107.", "Luo X. G., Ding J. Q., Chen S. D. Microglia in the aging brain: relevance to neurodegeneration. Mol. Neurodegener. 2010. Vol. 5. P.12.", "Living Neurons with Tau Filaments Aberrantly Expose Phosphatidylserine and Are Phagocytosed by Microglia / Brelstaff J., Tolkovsky A. M., Ghetti B., Goedert M., Spillantini M. G. Cell Rep. 2018. Vol. 24 (8). P. 1939\u20131948. e4."]}

On May 15, 2020, we celebrated the 175th anniversary of the Ilya Metchnikoff, the author of the hypothesis about parenchymella, the father of cellular immunology and inflammation theory, founder of gerontology, aging and longevity science. The article discusses the main milestones in the life and scientific work of Ilea Metchnikoff. Ilya Metchnikoff working originally in Russia, later in Italy, and then at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. His initial observations on phagocytic cells were made in the marine biology laboratories in Messina on starfish. Ilya Ilyich, as a result of observations of intracellular digestion in sponges, coelenterates and some flatworms, stretches a thread between phagocytosis and evolution (phagocytella), inflammation, cellular immunity, regeneration and the aging process. This thread is the quintessence of his work. Metchnikoff devoted many years to studying the comparative development of the embryonic layers of lower animals. Ilya Ilyich demonstrated that cnidarians gastrulate by introgression of cells which move from the blastula wall into the interior blastocoel and formed parenchymella or phagocytella. According to Metchnikoff, the hypothetical ancestor of multicellular organisms was similar to phagocytella. Metchnikoff is rightly famous for his theories of phagocytosis and inflammation. He proposed that macrophages evolved first to regulate development, and that these function are the stage for their evolution into the cells of innate immunity. It is very importantly to aware that cells and microorganisms according to Metchnikoff were taken up by an active process, involving living, and not only dead organisms The humoral theory claimed that the phagocytes caused the spread of disease in the body and thus would harm the host, rather than defend it, against bacterial invasion. Metchnikoff devoted much of his scientific work to the revealing of the role of phagocytosis in inflammation. He observed diapedesis through vessel walls and aggregation of leukocytes at sites of inflammation. Phagocytosis not only destructs of infectious microbes but uptake of host cells, e.g. erythrocytes, from diverse species as well. More broadly phagocytes are the cells which preserving the integrity and defining the identity of the organism. Metchnikoff believed that the disabilities of old age are the work of phagocytes transformed from defenders against infection into destroyers of tissues by autotoxins derived from putrefactive bacteria residing in the colon. Such degenerative changes, he believed were nearly always premature and potentially prevented by procedures directed against the putrefactive bacteria. Until recently it was generally assumed that phagocytic removal of neurons occurs only after neuronal death. But now it has been convincingly proved that stressed but viable neurons reversibly exposed the "eat-me" signal leading to their phagocytosis by microglia; this neuronal loss was prevented in the absence of microglia. As a result these data breathe life into the Metchnikoff’s ageing theory. Metchnikoff’s hypothesis from the very beginning met with fierce criticisms. It required 25 years of in tense effort to achieve recognition of the phagocytosis theory. This struggle culminated in 1908 with the awarding of the Nobel Prize