Fig. 6. Original Tyrannosaurus mass set (Model 1) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), cranial (C), caudal (D), and oblique right craniolateral (E) views. Not to scale. The odd shape of the hip region in (B) represents the 15° adbuction of the thigh segment (see Section 2), which makes the thigh seem laterally-flared in dorsal view. This is also evident in the abducted positions of the lower legs and feet in C–E. It is not yet clear precisely how theropod dinosaur hindlimb joints (especially the hip and knee) brought the feet close to the body midline (e.g., Paul, 1988; Hutchinson et al., 2005), so our model was left with its feet in an abducted position (making it easiest to edit 3D leg dimensions), which had no important effects on our results.

Published as part of John R. Hutchinson, Victor Ng-Thow-Hing & Frank C. Anderson, 2007, A 3D interactive method for estimating body segmental parameters in animals: Application to the turning and running performance of Tyrannosaurus rex, pp. 660-680 in Journal of Theoretical Biology 246 (4) on page 667, DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.01.023, http://zenodo.org/record/3943031