The dataset was used in Kusumoto, Shiono & Kubota (2020). It includes functional structure indices (community means, functional richness, and Rao's quadratic entropy) for 514 Japanese timber and non-timber tree species at 10-km grid cell level. The community means were based on specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content, respectively. Functional richness and Rao's Q were based on wood density and tree height. There functional metrics were calculated for the observed species assemblages and simulated assemblages at 10-km grid cell level. The simulated assemblages were computed by removing species in each grid cell at 5 levels of species loss (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) with two scenarios: random loss and ordered loss depending on species successional niche score (i.e. later successinal species are preferentially lost). See "README" sheet for detailed explanations of the contents. Kusumoto, Shiono & Kubota (2020) Ethnobotany-informed trait ecology: measuring vulnerability of timber provisioning services across forest biomes in Japan. Biodiversity and Conservation. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-020-01974-y