1.2.: Dichotomius (Cephagonus) mundus (Harold 1869) (Figure 17) Pinotus mundus Harold 1869 ı p. 136 (description) Pinotus singularis Felche 1907 ı p. 278 (description) new synonym Pinotus simulans Luederwaldt 1925 ı p. 68 (description) new synonym Pinotus (Cephagonus) simulans ı Luederwaldt 1929 ı p. 111 Pinotus (Cephagonus) singularis ı Luederwaldt 1929 ı p. 112 Pinotus (Cephagonus) simulans ı Luederwaldt 1931 ı p. 358 Pinotus (Cephagonus) mundus ı Luederwaldt 1931 ı p. 358 Pinotus (Cephagonus) simulans ı Luederwaldt 1936 ı p. 214 Pinotus (Cephagonus) singularis ı Luederwaldt 1936 ı p. 215 Pinotus (Cephagonus) mundus ı Luederwaldt 1936 ı p. 215 Pinotus mundus ı Blackwelder 1944 ı p. 207 Pinotus simulans ı Blackwelder 1944 ı p. 207 Pinotus singularis ı Blackwelder 1944 ı p.207 Dichotomius (selenocopris) simulans ı Vaz-de-Mello 2000 ı p. 193 Dichotomius (selenocopris) singularis ı Vaz-de-Mello 2000 ı p. 193 Dichotomius (selenocopris) mundus ı Vaz-de-Mello 2000 ı p. 193 Diagnosis. D. mundus is distinguished from other species in the group by the following combination of characters: pronotal disc and elytra dorsal surface with microsculpture (chagrinated) (as D. carbonarius of the subgenus selenocopris); metasternum glabrous or with few setae; larger males bearing a single emargination on the anterior portion of pronotal disc and basal excavation on males paramera (dorsal view) never reaching paramera sides (Figure 17 (d-f)). ● LECTOTYPE of Pinotus mundus (maleı here designated) (Figure 17 (g)): Brasilia. P. mundus Harold {white with red marginsı handwritten}/Ex. Musaeo Harold {white with black marginsı printed}/Museum Paris ex Coll. R. Oberthur {greenı printed} [MNHN]; ● PARALECTOTYPE of Pinotus mundus (female): munda m. {whiteı handwritten}/Ex. Musaeo Harold {white with black marginı printed}/Museum Paris ex Coll. R. Oberthur {greenı printed} [MNHN]. ● HOLOTYPE of Pinotus singularis (female): singularis Felsche. N. Brasilien {white with purple marginı handwritten}/Para {greenı printed}/Typus {redı printed}/Coll. C. Felsche Kauf 26ı 1918 {greenı printed}/Staatl. Musum für Tierkunde Dresden {whiteı printed}/ HOLOTYPE {red with black marginsı printed} [at SNSD]. ● LECTOTYPE of Pinotus simulans (maleı here designated): Rio de Janeiro. Serra de Macahé. 14.624 {whiteı partially handwritten}/COTIPO {red with black marginsı printed}/ Pinotus simulans Lüd Det. 25 {whiteı handwritten}/25959 {whiteı printed} [at MZSP]. Non type-material. BRASIL: Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo. XI-1993. E Grossi [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; same municipality but i-1995. FZ Vaz-de-Mello [1 ♀ at CEMT]; same municipality but XI-1998. P & E Grossi [2 Ƌ. 2 ♀ at CEMT]; Macaé de Cima. 1500 m. III-2000. C Lopes- Andradeı Gumier & FZ Vaz-de-Mello [2 ƋƋı 3 ♀♀ at CEMT]; same data but xii-2005. E & P Grossi [2 ƋƋ at CEMT]; São Paulo: São Luis do Paratininga. Pq. Estadual da Serra do Mar Núcleo Sta. Virgínia. xii-2004. M Uehara [1 Ƌ at CEMT]. Distribution. Above 900 metres in the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states (SEE RJı ESı ETC). The type-locality of Felsche ’ s D. singularis is Pará (state of Pará) but we consider it as doubtful since all other analysed specimens occur above 900 m and only in the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (Figure 13). Remarks. Pinotus simulans Lectotype is the most developed male of Luederwaldt ’ s syntype series. Harold ’ s (1869) description emphasises the dorsal surface with microsculpture (chagrinated)ı which is the main diagnostic character of this species in the group. Felsche (1907) used specimens with a malformation on the clypeal margin to describe D. singularis. This malformation results in dorsally visible maxillary palpi 2 – 4 (Figure 11 (a)) and is relatively constantly observable among other Scarabaeinae. Dorsal microsculptureı metasternum almost glabrous and the female sixth ventrite shape are evidence for this new synonym with Harold ’ s species. Luederwaldt (1926) described Pinotus simulans with a large series of males and females from Nova Friburgo municipality (state of Rio de Janeiro). The author probably did not have access to Harold ’ s type materialı but years laterı Luederwaldt (1931) comments on the strong resemblance of Pinotus simulans with P. mundus.

Published as part of Nunes, Rafael V. & Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., 2019, Taxonomic revision of Dichotomius (Cephagonus) Luederwaldt 1929 and the taxonomic status of remaining Dichotomius Hope 1838 subgenera (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini), pp. 2231-2351 in Journal of Natural History 53 (37) on pages 2286-2290, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1692088, http://zenodo.org/record/3665519