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The role of state in Prostitution: An anthropological exploration in a frontier city of Bangladesh

Authors: Parimal Kumar RoyParimal Kumar Roy;

The role of state in Prostitution: An anthropological exploration in a frontier city of Bangladesh

Abstract

Introduction As a profession or work, prostitution is perspicuous and reserved for women. Prostitution is a worldwide phenomenon. Although Richard Basam thinks that it is a constraint in urban and related to migrant male population (Basam-1978: 153). Prostitutes are those who do sex based on money’. Society knows them as ``Patita, Fallen, Deviant, Khanki, Beshya, Magi, Nasta (Bad), whore, Strumpet or something that is negative to women position’’. There are different sex workers in a country such as floating and brothel-based sex workers; hotel and flat-based sex workers-are mentionable. Among them floating and brothel sex workers are available in cities and towns. Floating sex workers roam to hunt the clients but brothel sex workers live in a place and the clients come here to mitigate their sexual demand. There are sixteen brothels in Bangladesh (Tahmina-et al- 2004; Ali: unknown published year). However, the hotel and flat- based sex workers are not possible to come for their strewed. In every town and city, hotel and flat-based prostitution are existing phenomena in the society. Although it is difficult to detect the hotel and flat based prostitution (HFBP) due to hiding their identities. Strictly they follow the code of conduct and simultaneously change their locations (HF) and agents, frequently. 1.2 Prostitution: Definition and Origin. The word `prostitutes' has derived from the Latin word `prostibula' or prosada'. The History of prostitution is in ancient Greek is- the house of prostitutes were allowed to be opened in the afternoon. The girl stands or sits before the entrance to entice passerby. Hence, they were called `` prostitutes or proseda' (Kumar-1997: 144). However, in our continent is different to origin and development the prostitution from western society. This profession here, derived from `Devadasi' who had sexual relation to the priest. The widow came in the temple to pass the youth or life. Such women are Devadasi due to serve God and the priest. Devadasi's sexual relation was as devotee God and committed to the priest. In the course of time, British colonial rule and the Market-oriented economy has turned it as trade or profession. During the nineteen century before, prostitution is found in our society. British rule has Marketized or popularized it intensively (Hossen- 2002: 73). According to Elliot and Meril, ``Prostitution is an illicit sex union on a promiscuous and mercenary basis with accompanying emotional indifference (Kumar-1997: 144)''. Prostitution is promiscuous sex but Ali (publishing year is unknown) says- ``in our existing social system the women who mitigate the sexual urges of men in exchange for cash are called prostitutes. This profession of the woman is called prostitution (Ali: pg-9)''. To exist the prostitution is responsible for the social system Ali likes to think that. Ali also likes to say it is a profession. N. Mackegancy and M. Barnard (1996) given the notion that -``society reserve a special language for those women who put a price on sex. As like - Hooker, whore, strumpet, prostitutes and harlot and in doing so signal the unique status of exchanging sex for money (Mackegancy and Barnard -1996:1). They showed that `prostitution’ is sexual intercourse for money and language do partiality to men. Male is sex buyers but they are not treated negatively in the eye of society or language. All definition indicates three features. One- sex for money; two- Female has no choice to select the clients; three- prostitution is a profession or work. In the age of the market economy, all are the commodity and are measured by money. Women and her body is such a commodity to measure by for the ravishing. 1.3 Prostitution: In the view of Gender. ’Prostitution’ is preserved and derogatory to women and reversion to male hegemony. Because of establishing the sexual polygamy they like to practice manliness. Some sex workers are different from so-called prostitutes. There are some forms of prostitutes we cannot treat them promptly. However, they are prostitutes and do sex for money. HFBP are such type of prostitution. HFBP are hired or offered body through agencies, massage parlors, flat and hotel, etc. They use the body to stair up in the society, in camouflage. Such prostitutes avoid society to increase their honor and prestige. As a result, they do harm in society. In the daylight, they are part of civil society and prostitutes in the dark. Women play a dual role and sex business pushed her into a mental crisis and lead the life through complexity. Such psychological problems have been explored in view of them in the clue of this research. People desire that women will deserve some essentiality. As like sexual purity, virginity, chastity, and sexual monogamy. Society imposes norms and values upon women to' abide by the ethical rules upon women. Society implies that pre-or extramarital sexual relation is illegal in a moral context. When women violate the moral law and practice sexual polygamy for mercenary then they cause sexual endangerment consciously and unconsciously in the society. Sexual polygamy is liable for the pernicious events, for example- AIDS, STD-alarm. Bangladesh is a high-risk zone for sexual stigma due to use a lower rate of condom in sexual intercourse (Tahmina-et-al-2004). Therefore, we should know their sexual practice and attitude with the clients. 1.4 Prostitution: Economical context and Development We should understand and consider the prostitutes in moral point and economical context. They have moved from morality but there thought is not that. When we think prostitution is raising a social problem then they show it is a way to livelihood. However, they lead life in splendid. Some associates components endanger the work. Prostitution is work and not out of risk full factors. Bangladesh is a country; here condom using rate is lower, in South Asia (Tahmina-et al-2004). Therefore, to make healthy society prostitution is a barrier due to pervasive and non-protective sexual relation. It causes STD, AIDS. Before rising a sexual epidemic, we need diagnoses the highest number of partners and the lowest rate of condom use in sexual practice (Tahmina-et all: 2004). It has no need to tell that such a statement is a threat to the human being. The development decade (1960-70) has failed to ameliorate the women socio-economic condition. That means women are kept behind of development and turned into an underprivileged group. Prostitutes are so far away from the development goal. In the `80s, to improve the overall woman position in society, Sex gets priority. In that time, Development policies are implemented in woman's health sector. Prostitute's health had become targeted at the end of that decade. However, HFBP is neglected to implement the development policy. Although from `90s development policy, touches HFBP, but has been failed to extricate them from development crisis. The state enforces the law upon prostitutes to evict but unwilling to rehabilitate them. State role here is ‘catch fish, avoid water- policy'' Therefore, HFBPs never come to in publicly with a professional attitude. Try to avoid state and security complexity. They live in a bizarre atmosphere with a psychological crisis. Such circumstances they take drugs or do whatever which are harmful things for them. 1.5 General Objective The goal of this study has been clarified over whole HFBP life settings with relation to state and prostitutes. Sexual attitude and practice of the prostitutes also have been depicted in this study. 2. Literature Review To discuss prostitution, sex-oriented discussion obviously involved. However, sexual discussion does not involve prostitution. In the Bangladesh context, we get three works on the floating or brothel sex works related. However, HFBPs works not further in spite of that we may discuss the following books on the time base. Women are involved and a lot of research has been conducted upon them such, women-empower, women health, women in an occupation, etc. consecutively, the end of the 1970s more in being said about women and violence, prostitution, legal rights, inheritance circumstances and nutrition (Islam et-al.990:145). In 1980s study on prostitution in Bangladesh is first to describe the women position in sexual harassment and in development. The study of this time has dealt with child prostitution, children or prostitutes in a brothel and floating prostitutes. The problems of prostitutes and standard of living of prostitutes have been described. Brothel and floating based prostitutes are most of them are illiterate and are coming from the rural area also a major portion of them, they were suffering from illness. Drinking and smoking are common to them (Islam et-al.1990:146). The end of the `80s we find a pioneer anthropological work on prostitutes and prostitution. Viewing from an anthropological perspective, Khan and Arefeen (Potita Nari: A Study of prostitution in Bangladesh-1989) collected data from two brothels of Dhaka and Narayanganj and they found that the number of prostitutes is rapidly increasing due to the growth of urbanization in the country. Moreover, they noticed that the state itself protects this institution. This book is consists of nine chapter as- Introduction; The settings; Background, Economic behavior; Social organization of brothels; The state and prostitution; Health, food and rituals; Prostitutes and prostitution; and Conclusion. They interviewed 120 prostitutes during12 weeks by eleven investigators. This book is a pioneer study about prostitution in Bangladesh. Having limitation, it has a great significance to further study on prostitution. In the '90s, we find several books on prostitution. Kamal Siddique (Social formation in Dhaka City: A study in third world urban sociology - 1990) also with the problem of prostitutes and female beggars. They have now spread all over the city. Khan and Arefeen (Prostitutes in Bangladesh- 1991) conducted a study on prostitution in Bangladesh covering a brothel in Dhaka city and two brothels in other towns. In that study, they also investigated the floating or street walking prostitutes of Dhaka city. However, the others noticed similar development, which they found in their earlier study on prostitution that the number of prostitutes is increasing rapidly because of urbanization in Bangladesh. In this time, Chowdhury (prostitution-1994) writes a book. He is not academically trained in anthropology. He also has depicted the prostitute's life from his experience. He has tried to find out the causes of prostitution, origin, and development of prostitution, state rule towards prostitutes and finally suggested eliminating it by changing the social structure. However, the 7th article of his book is silent on this question. Chowdhury (1994) said that such a profession was demarcated on destitute and illiterate women but its pattern has changed new. According to him, it is now a part-time job to educated house-wife and slovenliest woman. Salma Ali (Prostitution: woman, society sate and low: et al.) studied with baseline survey on some brothels as - Tanbazer, Kandua Patti, Daulodia, Marwari mandir, Baniashanta all our study field of her research. This book is based on an interview of 135 unlicensed prostitutes and 167 licensed prostitutes. Ali also interviewed 181 prostitutes who are out of the brothel. Among those prostitutes 78 are from Kamlapur Railway station, 43 Ramna Park, 26 from Motijhell Commercial Area, 34 are from Chandrima Uddyan. Ali denotes that State role is oppressive towards women. She clarified the prostitution in the eyes of prostitutes. According to prostitutes, this work is perceptive and all time they belong to the underprivileged group. They lead the life through hardship and enter into Prostitution due to enforce. Ali referred that State gives license to do sex but evicts brothel. Therefore, they spread out the countryside and a threat to society. McKegcy and Barnard (Sex on street- 1996) reveal that sex works are seriously harmful to our society. Due to their un-protective sexual intercourse. From participant and baseline survey, it has written about floating sex workers at Glasgow in the UK. The 1st decade on 21st century In this time, Tahmina (sex workers in Bangladesh. Livelihood: A what price-et al 2004) is a redeemable work on prostitutes and prostitution. They collected data using participant observation and baseline survey method etc. They have clarified the prostitute's life circle and sexual harassment in the eye of prostitutes. According to them nobody accepts such profession willingly view on prostitution. They (prostitutes) like to say to do some work with you''. The researcher surveyed 16 brothels including floating prostitutes in Dhaka city. They interpreted the State’s role in Privileged position as an alike society. As a Civil society, condemn them but not did willing to engage them in work. Not with the understanding of this book is not written on anthropological perspective, but to know the human attitude, state role and prostitute's psychology is nice to read it. Sever writings on prostitution J. Weeks (Sexuality defined the sex innate things of the animal. Whenever power related to sex then sexual politics grow between male and female. Male dominated with female and then 'Sex' turned in to the suffering cause of women. He depicts on his book-"Sexuality' that is a historical construction which brings together a host of different biological and mental possibilities- gender identity, bodily difference, reproductive capacities, needs, desires, and fantasies. When sex is used as tools to discriminate male and female then gender question rise to us. To understand the gender relation we should examine sex with historical context. R. Basam (1978)- defined prostitution as large urban phenomena in relation to rural to urban migration. On his book'' Urban Anthropology'', He has written that Destitution compels them to enter in prostitution and ''impoverish'' act as a push factor. According to Besam (1978), some factors are involved in prostitution those are- '' family disordering, early sexual experience, male deception, economical comfort, etc''. After evaluation- Journals, books, he indicates that prostitution is a large and worldwide spread out event in the city. kolyani Bandyopadhyay (Religion and woman: 1998) has argued that from the beginning- today women are suppressed in religion. Religion chained women in rules and regulations. Her writing's key theme to that women are a consumable commodity, prostitution is the best example. This report is interesting to know the provocative factors, which are important to sexual morals. Albeit, this study does not involve in prostitution directly. However, we may consider some of the oppressive contexts. Prostitutes take money but here not view to unintelligible that the children were oppressed by his/her nearing king. This report's limitation is that all case studies are taken from the victim's memory. However, recalled memory always exaggerated details in speaking to others. In spite of this does work to know to understand prostitution. Nandolal Sengupta (1984) on his book said that male and female sexual nature is polygamous. Social norms and values abstained and women from sexual desire. This book highlights the moral corruption as like Prostitution. He said that urban housewife, girls, and any other female sell their sex in a hide. He referred My case studies support to strewed sex business. According to him, strewed sex workers are not an isolated class from civil society. We cannot suspect easily for prostitution. This book is enough to know the hide prostitution but data not collected in a proper way. To know prostitution and strewed prostitution, this book is interesting to read. Writing on sex and sexuality ''Coming of age in Samoa'' (Mead, 1928) is consisting of fourteen chapters. To develop the notion of sex and personality is a milestone work to us. She has described as the inter-woven relation among sex, personality, and culture. According to her- birth, death, sex, etc are not hiding to the Samoa child. Pre-marital sex is also moral the expression of life. In this context of culture, develop their personality as the expectation of society. R. Benedict also refused her statement. Saying that personality influences culture. The children learn about sex from society. Sex is open here so there has no prostitution (Mead,1928:53) except guest prostitution in Samoa. When set to be free discussing matter and sexual monogamy is obsolete, then Prostitution may not exist what Mead has told on her writings. In Bangladesh has limited researched on prostitution but although in different newspapers, weekly and weekend, monthlies we get something which was written on journalistic view. Therefore, this is not desired as academic references. All writings on prostitution are not capable to represent HFBP.So methodological confinement leads to writing upon strewed prostitution and its relationship with the State. 3.1. Researched stages and time This study is composed of two stages. Although,it is a result of consecutive thinking for a long time. People were studied from 1st May 2005 to 10th May 2005 then frequently the field ( Sylhet city) has been visited in different locations and people until to write up the report on 15th September 2005. 3.2. Sampling and study unit There have been many hotels of different size. Almost hotels are involved in the sex trade. If also some flats are engaged in the sex business. Here purposive sampling has been used. Twenty HFBPs and five clients are in the study unit. This study has successfully completed with the collaboration of a local NGO, which is working for the prostitutes. So the individual is the study unit and the entire sample unit interviewed as with their whim, purposively. 3.3. Overview of the Sylhet city Sylhet is the spiritual capital of Bangladesh. It has 29.50 sq. km. area with population 2,45,308 (census 2011). The male and female rate is 54.32% and 45.32% respectively. Town base literacy rate is 66.9%. Many people live in abroad and they come and back in due time. Sylhet is also a tourist zone. Many tourists come here to enjoy her natural beauty and visit the intercessor - Hazrat Shahjalal and Shahparan Mazer and tea gardens near to Sylhet city. Sylhet is a northeastern divisional city of Bangladesh. It situated on the bank of Surma. Meghalaya and Assam are the Indian provinces have vicinity with Sylhet. Many high rising building and shopping cities are available here. Devanagari is their own dialectical letter but not use now. They have segregation culture, language that similar to Assam's people. 3.4. Overview of the respondents The sample size is twenty-five to depict the researched arena. Five are male and the rest of our female respondents. All are involved in sex trade either sellers or buyers. Most of all is outsider and young. All prostitutes wear a veil whenever they go out or meet with a custo

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