Dataset analyzed in the "Postgraduate education among family and community physicians in Brazil: the Trajetórias MFC project" manuscript. File "family_physicians" has personally identifiable data on family and community physicians in Brazil, more specifically on their specialization (medical residency, specialist certification) and their master's and PhD degrees. File "postgraduate_programs" has data on the master's and PhD programs the family and community physicians graduated from. All spreadsheets are in the CSV (comma-separated values) format, delmited with semicolons and encoded in UTF-8 (there are special characters due to the Portuguese language) with the byte-order mark (BOM). The spreadsheets can be opened with desktop or Web application software (LibreOffice Calc, Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets) or with statistical software such as R. Each dataset is accompanied with a data dictionary for interpreting the columns. See also the manuscript for background.