The dataset contains data of a nationwide age-frequency matched case-control study in Germany, 2012-2013, which was performed to identify underlying conditions and foods asscociated with sporadic listeriosis. It covers anonymous sociodemografic information, information on underlying conditions, and >60 food items. Data for control subjects were obtained from a population-based random telephone sample, which was generated according to the method by Gabler and Häder and considered telephone numbers not registered in telephone books.