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First Observations of Irregular Surface of Interplanetary Shocks at Ion Scales by Cluster

Authors: Kajdic, Primoz; Preisser, Luis; Blanco-Cano, Xochitl; Burgess, David; Trotta, Domenico;

First Observations of Irregular Surface of Interplanetary Shocks at Ion Scales by Cluster

Abstract

Abstract We present the first observational evidence of the irregular surface of interplanetary (IP) shocks by using multispacecraft observations of the Cluster mission. In total we discuss observations of four IP shocks that exhibit moderate Alfvénic Mach numbers (M A ≤ 6.5). Three of them are high-β shocks with upstream β = 2.2–3.7. During the times when these shocks were observed, the Cluster spacecraft formed constellations with inter-spacecraft separations ranging from less than one upstream ion inertial length (d i ) up to 100 d i . Expressed in kilometers, the distances ranged between 38 km and ∼104 km. We show that magnetic field profiles and the local shock normals of observed shocks are very similar when the spacecraft are of the order of one d i apart, but are strikingly different when the distances increase to 10 or more d i . We interpret these differences to be due to the irregular surface of IP shocks and discuss possible causes for such irregularity. We strengthen our interpretation by comparing observed shock profiles with profiles of simulated shocks. The latter had similar characteristics (M A, θ BN , upstream ion β) as observed shocks and the profiles were obtained at separations across the simulation domain equivalent to the Cluster inter-spacecraft distances.

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United Kingdom
Keywords

FOS: Physical sciences, shock waves, shock waves, acceleration of particles, interplanetary medium, Physics - Plasma Physics, Space Physics (physics.space-ph), Geophysics (physics.geo-ph), Physics - Geophysics, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Physics - Space Physics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, interplanetary medium, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), acceleration of particles

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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