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ZENODO
Article . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Article . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Article . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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CUSTOS - Comprehensive Unified System for Title Ownership & Security

Authors: Tahsin Raiyan;

CUSTOS - Comprehensive Unified System for Title Ownership & Security

Abstract

Bangladesh's land administration system loses an estimated 10% of GDP annually to litigation backlogs alone, with 77.4% of households paying bribes to complete a routine ownership mutation. This paper presents CUSTOS (Comprehensive Unified System for Title Ownership & Security), a permissioned, government-authorized blockchain platform that unifies registration, sale, taxation, and mutation of land into a single automatically-executing digital workflow. Each parcel is represented as a unique digital token (a “Land NFT”) anchored to the owner's National ID and biometric identity, while every relevant government agency — the Ministry of Land, DLRS, AC Land, Sub-Registrar, NBR, and the Survey of Bangladesh — operates as a co-validating node on one synchronized, tamper-evident ledger. We describe the system architecture, transaction flows, governance model, security design, required legal reforms, and a phased implementation roadmap, and argue that this approach directly targets the discretionary, multi-agency approval bottleneck that is the root cause of the country's land governance crisis. Bangladesh's land management crisis is not simple bureaucratic inefficiency — it is a systemic failure driven by corruption, legal gridlock, and unreliable underlying records. Digitization initiatives to date, such as e-Mutation, have improved convenience at the front end but have not fixed the root cause: the source-of-truth data itself is inconsistent, and approvals still rely on discretionary human sign-off across multiple, disconnected offices. CUSTOS directly targets these root causes — forged records, discretionary approval, and disconnected registries — by replacing manual, corruptible handoffs with automatically executing smart contracts, cryptographically verifiable documents, and a consensus mechanism that requires the agreement of multiple independent government nodes before any record can change. This paper presents the problem in depth, the proposed technical architecture, the end-to-end transaction flows, the governance model, the legal reforms required for adoption, and a phased rollout plan.

Related Organizations
Keywords

Smart Contracts, Blockchain, Land Registry, Digital Identity, e-Governance, Digital Identity

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citations
The total number of citations received by all articles of the researcher of interest.
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average