This dataset provides harmonized economic, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy-transition indicators for the European Union, Germany, Poland, Turkey, and Ukraine. Its overall temporal coverage is 1990-2024, although the availability of individual indicators varies by country, indicator, and year. The dataset was compiled to support comparative descriptive analysis of GDP-GHG decoupling, primary energy consumption, energy and carbon intensity, renewable energy development, fossil-fuel dependence, and short-term changes in energy consumption. It contains the source data and authors’ calculations used to prepare figures for the associated research article and its appendices. The package includes original indicator values, indexed values, percentage indicators, source references, and methodological notes required to reproduce and verify the figures. Depending on the indicator, data are presented in original source units, as percentages, or as indices calculated relative to a specified base year. The dataset can be used for figure replication, cross-country comparison, exploratory analysis, teaching, and reuse in FAIR data workflows. It is intended for descriptive comparison and visualization and should not be interpreted as a direct measure of climate-policy effectiveness or as evidence of causal relationships. Additional methodological validation is required before using the data for country-specific policy assessment, regulatory reporting, or causal analysis. The data package is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0). Users should cite both this dataset and the underlying data sources when reusing the materials.