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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Statistical Structure of the Historical Orderings of the I Ching Hexagrams: Pair Rule, Family Gradient, and the Limits of Demonstrability

Authors: García Hurtado, Alexis;

Statistical Structure of the Historical Orderings of the I Ching Hexagrams: Pair Rule, Family Gradient, and the Limits of Demonstrability

Abstract

The King Wen sequence orders the 64 hexagrams of the I Ching in an arrangement that has resisted explanation for three millennia. We present a statistical comparison of the three historical orderings (King Wen, Mawangdui, Jing Fang) against the binary ordering and against one another. Our central findings are the following. (1) All three historical orderings sit at the random-expected Kendall distance from the binary order (1013, 1008 and 1008 inversions, where the expectation is n(n-1)/4 = 1008): none is rank-correlated with binary counting, and two of the three achieve Kendall tau exactly zero. (2) Yet King Wen and Mawangdui are significantly correlated with each other (759 inversions, z = -2.89, Monte Carlo p = 0.0034, Bonferroni-surviving), and we identify the mechanism: a shared gradient of upper-trigram families, explicit in Mawangdui's octets and implicit in King Wen. (3) Re-analyzing recent Monte Carlo results (Chan, 2026) under a pair-preserving null shows three of the four reported signatures to be corollaries of the pair rule; we also report a small numerical correction, triangulated against a Lean-verified theorem (Radisic, 2026). (4) For the open question of within-pair orientation, the strongest admissible criterion is the classical doctrine of correct centers (12/16, uncorrected one-tailed p = 0.038; two-sided 0.077), and we show that no orientation rule of this strength can reach significance over 28 fixed pairs: a measurable limit of demonstrability. Every numerical claim in this paper is asserted by an automated test suite in a public repository.

Version 2 (2026-07-27): this version adds the preprint PDF as a separate file, so that the full text can be read directly from this record, and updates the replication package with a rebuilt PDF that now carries document metadata (title, author, subject and keywords). The text of the paper is unchanged between versions: no result, figure, table or reference has been modified. Note: the DOI printed inside the PDF (10.5281/zenodo.21609654) is the DOI of version 1 of this record; the concept DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21609653 always resolves to the latest version.

Keywords

King Wen sequence, hexagrams, combinatorics, I Ching, history of mathematics, conditional null models, Monte Carlo

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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