This dataset contains the experimental and processed data supporting the manuscript “Mineralogy governs the effect of nanolites on magma rheology” by Luiz Pereira, Fabian B. Wadsworth, Alexandre Barone, Rafael Camille, Ricardo Correia, Stephan Kolzenburg, Lizhi Guan, Yan Lavallée, Rodrigo Oréfice and Donald B. Dingwell. It includes rheological measurements as a function of shear rate and shear stress, FTIR spectra, TGA/DTGA data, and DLS particle-size distributions for treated and untreated silica nanoparticles. The dataset also contains the parameters used to construct the Péclet number–chemical evolution regime diagram and to compare the present results with previously published systems. These files support the figures, analyses and reproducibility of the accompanying manuscript.