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Article . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Article . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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ANALYSIS OF ELECTROFORMED GLASS SURFACES BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: SEM STUDY OF COPPER-COATED ARTISTIC GLASS

Authors: MANAFIDIZAJI, AMANEH;

ANALYSIS OF ELECTROFORMED GLASS SURFACES BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: SEM STUDY OF COPPER-COATED ARTISTIC GLASS

Abstract

This study analyses the surface of copper-coatedartistic glass produced by electroforming technique,using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as theprimary characterisation tool. Non-conductive glass substrates were rendered conductive with a powdered-graphite layer and then coated with copper in an acidic copper-sulphate bath. Two families of experimentswere carried out on 3 × 3 cm × 5 mm tiles: a voltageseries (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 V) and a current series (0.1, 0.2and 0.3 A), each at holding times of 25, 50 and 100minutes, with all other parameters held constant. SEMimaging of the graphite layer, of every depositioncondition, and of the deposit in profile reveals asystematic evolution of the copper morphology. Atlow-to-moderate driving force (0.1–0.2 V, 0.1 A) withsufficient time the deposit consists of fine, coalesced,comparatively smooth grains that form bright,homogeneous films; at 0.2 V it is densest and mostuniform. As the driving force increases (0.3 V and,most markedly, 0.2–0.3 A) the copper grows as coarsethree-dimensional botryoidal (cauliflower-like) spherulites separated by deep crevices, a rough, light-scattering morphology that corresponds to the dark and eventually black surfaces observedmacroscopically; a profile view confirms thecolumnar, mounded growth habit at high current. Adistinctive methodological feature of the work is theuse of powdered graphite, rather than silver or liquidcopper pastes, as the conductivity layer. The SEMevidence provides a micro-structural explanation forthe macroscopic colour and texture and yields areproducible parameter map that allows the artist tosteer the surface from bright metallic to dark patinatedthrough voltage or current and time alone.

Keywords

graphite metallisation, artistic glass, surface morphology, copper electroforming scanning electron microscopy

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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