FETS Dataset: Foundation Models Enable Scalable and Generalizable Energy Time Series Forecasting This dataset accompanies the paper: "FETS Benchmark: Foundation Models Enable Scalable and Generalizable Energy Time Series Forecasting", Obermeier, M. et al. Paper: arXiv:2604.22328, Code: 10.5281/zenodo.19808930, GitHub: OberMarco/Energy_Benchmark_TSFM_pub The compilation contains multivariate time series from the European and international energy domain used to evaluate zero-shot and covariate-aware forecasting with state-of-the-art Time Series Foundation Models (TSFMs). Nine domain categories are covered: Balancing Services, Dispatchable Generation, Non-Dispatchable Generation, Load, Market Data, Grid Data, Heat Data, Mobility / EV Charging, and Residential Load. All time series are stored in Apache Parquet format; covariate files (weather data as historical forecasts, NWP runs, and ERA5 reanalysis, plus holiday calendars) are included in sub-folders alongside each target series. All timestamps are in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). File Structure {DataClass}/ {DatasetName} - {TargetName}/ {data_file}.parquet ← target time series covariates/ {cov_file}.parquet ← weather, calendar, … zenodo_dataset_overview.csv ← machine-readable index zenodo_description.html ← this file Data Categories and Datasets Balancing Services Balancing Data Germany — Area Control Error (NRV Saldo) Folder: Balancing Services/Balancing Data Germany - Area Control Error (NRV Saldo)/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: Netztransparenz.de (German TSOs) – redistribution requires written consent of the transmission system operators Download: https://www.netztransparenz.de/de-de/Regelenergie/Daten-Regelreserve/Aktivierte-Regelleistung Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet aFRR Germany — Germany aFRR negativ Folder: Balancing Services/aFRR Germany - Germany aFRR negativ/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: Netztransparenz.de (German TSOs) – redistribution requires written consent of the transmission system operators Download: https://www.netztransparenz.de/de-de/Regelenergie/Daten-Regelreserve/Aktivierte-Regelleistung Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet aFRR Germany — Germany aFRR positiv Folder: Balancing Services/aFRR Germany - Germany aFRR positiv/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: Netztransparenz.de (German TSOs) – redistribution requires written consent of the transmission system operators Download: https://www.netztransparenz.de/de-de/Regelenergie/Daten-Regelreserve/Aktivierte-Regelleistung Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet mFRR Germany — TenneT negativ Folder: Balancing Services/mFRR Germany - TenneT negativ/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: Netztransparenz.de (German TSOs) – redistribution requires written consent of the transmission system operators Download: https://www.netztransparenz.de/de-de/Regelenergie/Daten-Regelreserve/Aktivierte-Regelleistung Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet mFRR Germany — TenneT positiv Folder: Balancing Services/mFRR Germany - TenneT positiv/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: Netztransparenz.de (German TSOs) – redistribution requires written consent of the transmission system operators Download: https://www.netztransparenz.de/de-de/Regelenergie/Daten-Regelreserve/Aktivierte-Regelleistung Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet Dispatchable Generation California CAISO — Aggregated Batterys Folder: Dispatchable Generation/California CAISO - Aggregated Batterys/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: CAISO OASIS – proprietary terms of use, redistribution not permitted Download: http://oasis.caiso.com Covariates: calendar_CA_2010_2030.parquet ENTSO-E Germany — Fossil Gas Folder: Dispatchable Generation/ENTSO-E Germany - Fossil Gas/ Data file: public_power.parquet Sources: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet ENTSO-E Germany — Fossil Hard Coal Folder: Dispatchable Generation/ENTSO-E Germany - Fossil Hard Coal/ Data file: public_power.parquet Sources: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet Grid Data 50Hertz Line Power — UW Lubmin - OWP Baltic Eagle Folder: Grid Data/50Hertz Line Power - UW Lubmin - OWP Baltic Eagle/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: 50Hertz – redistribution requires written permission Download: https://www.50hertz.com/Transparenz/Kennzahlen/Netzdaten/Netzbelastung 50Hertz Line Power — UW Wieselbach UW Lauchstädt L471 Folder: Grid Data/50Hertz Line Power - UW Wieselbach UW Lauchstädt L471/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: 50Hertz – redistribution requires written permission Download: https://www.50hertz.com/Transparenz/Kennzahlen/Netzdaten/Netzbelastung Covariates: calendar_1h_DE_2010_2030.parquet 50Hertz Line Power — UW Wieselbach UW Lauchstädt L472 Folder: Grid Data/50Hertz Line Power - UW Wieselbach UW Lauchstädt L472/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: 50Hertz – redistribution requires written permission Download: https://www.50hertz.com/Transparenz/Kennzahlen/Netzdaten/Netzbelastung Covariates: calendar_1h_DE_2010_2030.parquet Bayernwerk — Grid Consumption MS Folder: Grid Data/Bayernwerk - Grid Consumption MS/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: Bayernwerk – §23c EnWG publication obligation, no explicit redistribution permission Download: https://www.bayernwerk-netz.de/de/bayernwerk-netz-gmbh/netzinformation/veroeffentlichungspflichten/strom/netzstrukturmerkmale.html Covariates: calendar_BY_DE_2010_2030.parquet Bayernwerk — Grid Feed-in MS Folder: Grid Data/Bayernwerk - Grid Feed-in MS/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: Bayernwerk – §23c EnWG publication obligation, no explicit redistribution permission Download: https://www.bayernwerk-netz.de/de/bayernwerk-netz-gmbh/netzinformation/veroeffentlichungspflichten/strom/netzstrukturmerkmale.html Covariates: calendar_BY_DE_2010_2030.parquet Netze BW LV, Feeder 132 — Active Power Folder: Grid Data/Netze BW LV, Feeder 132 - Active Power/ Data file: feeder_132.parquet Sources: 200 LV Feeders Paper – Treutlein et al., arXiv (2026) 200 LV Feeders Dataset – Treutlein et al., Zenodo (2025) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_BW_DE_2010_2030.parquet Netze BW LV, Feeder 160 — Active Power Folder: Grid Data/Netze BW LV, Feeder 160 - Active Power/ Data file: feeder_160.parquet Sources: 200 LV Feeders Paper – Treutlein et al., arXiv (2026) 200 LV Feeders Dataset – Treutlein et al., Zenodo (2025) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_BW_DE_2010_2030.parquet Netze BW LV, Feeder 33 — Active Power Folder: Grid Data/Netze BW LV, Feeder 33 - Active Power/ Data file: feeder_033.parquet Sources: 200 LV Feeders Paper – Treutlein et al., arXiv (2026) 200 LV Feeders Dataset – Treutlein et al., Zenodo (2025) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_BW_DE_2010_2030.parquet Netze BW LV, Feeder 37 — Active Power Folder: Grid Data/Netze BW LV, Feeder 37 - Active Power/ Data file: feeder_037.parquet Sources: 200 LV Feeders Paper – Treutlein et al., arXiv (2026) 200 LV Feeders Dataset – Treutlein et al., Zenodo (2025) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_BW_DE_2010_2030.parquet Netze BW LV, Feeder 63 — Active Power Folder: Grid Data/Netze BW LV, Feeder 63 - Active Power/ Data file: feeder_063.parquet Sources: 200 LV Feeders Paper – Treutlein et al., arXiv (2026) 200 LV Feeders Dataset – Treutlein et al., Zenodo (2025) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_BW_DE_2010_2030.parquet Netze BW LV, Feeder 97 — Active Power Folder: Grid Data/Netze BW LV, Feeder 97 - Active Power/ Data file: feeder_097.parquet Sources: 200 LV Feeders Paper – Treutlein et al., arXiv (2026) 200 LV Feeders Dataset – Treutlein et al., Zenodo (2025) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_BW_DE_2010_2030.parquet Heat Data HEAPO: Household Zurich Area — Heatpump 818882 Folder: Heat Data/HEAPO_ Household Zurich Area - Heatpump 818882/ Data file: 818882.parquet Sources: HEAPO Heat Pump Dataset – Brudermüller et al. (2025) Open-Meteo Weather Data (CC BY 4.0) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_CH_2010_2030.parquet HEAPO: Household Zurich Area — Heatpump 971151 Folder: Heat Data/HEAPO_ Household Zurich Area - Heatpump 971151/ Data file: 971151.parquet Sources: HEAPO Heat Pump Dataset – Brudermüller et al. (2025) Open-Meteo Weather Data (CC BY 4.0) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_CH_2010_2030.parquet Heat Grid Flensburg — Heat Demand Folder: Heat Data/Heat Grid Flensburg - Heat Demand/ Data file: heatgrid_stadtwerke_flensburg.parquet License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 – non-commercial use only – https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17177421 Sources: Flensburg District Heating – Freißmann et al. (2025) Open-Meteo Weather Data (CC BY 4.0) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_1h_DE_2010_2030.parquet Load California CAISO — Aggregated Load Folder: Load/California CAISO - Aggregated Load/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: CAISO OASIS – proprietary terms of use, redistribution not permitted Download: http://oasis.caiso.com Covariates: calendar_CA_2010_2030.parquet DE Power — Load DE Folder: Load/DE Power - Load DE/ Data file: public_power.parquet Sources: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet FR Power — Load Folder: Load/FR Power - Load/ Data file: public_power.parquet Sources: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019) Industrial VEA 2 Agg Profiles — 2 random loads Folder: Load/Industrial VEA 2 Agg Profiles - 2 random loads/ Data file: 5359_industrial_VEA_aggregated_profiles.parquet Sources: 5359 Industrial VEA Load Profiles – Tiemann (2024) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet Market Data California CAISO — LMP NP15 Folder: Market Data/California CAISO - LMP NP15/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: CAISO OASIS – proprietary terms of use, redistribution not permitted Download: http://oasis.caiso.com Covariates: calendar_CA_2010_2030.parquet California CAISO — LMP SP15 Folder: Market Data/California CAISO - LMP SP15/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: CAISO OASIS – proprietary terms of use, redistribution not permitted Download: http://oasis.caiso.com Covariates: calendar_CA_2010_2030.parquet California CAISO — LMP ZP26 Folder: Market Data/California CAISO - LMP ZP26/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: CAISO OASIS – proprietary terms of use, redistribution not permitted Download: http://oasis.caiso.com Covariates: calendar_CA_2010_2030.parquet ENTSO-E Germany — Day-Ahead Auction Folder: Market Data/ENTSO-E Germany - Day-Ahead Auction/ Data file: dayahead_2024_2026q1_15min.parquet Sources: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet ENTSO-E Germany — Intraday Continuous Folder: Market Data/ENTSO-E Germany - Intraday Continuous/ Data file: intraday_2024.parquet Sources: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet ENTSO-E Germany — reBAP Folder: Market Data/ENTSO-E Germany - reBAP/ Data file: reBAP Punktewolke 2025-11-27 13-04-43.parquet Sources: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet Mobility Data Mobilitaet Public Charging Station — Total Power 50 Agg Folder: Mobility Data/Mobilitaet Public Charging Station - Total Power 50 Agg/ Data file: ev_charging_aggregated.parquet Sources: German Mobility Data – Mobilithek.info Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet NL Office EV Park — Total Power Folder: Mobility Data/NL Office EV Park - Total Power/ Data file: netherland_ev_charging_aggregated.parquet License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 – non-commercial use only – https://doi.org/10.4121/80EF3824-3F5D-4E45-8794-3B8791EFBD13.V1 Sources: NL EV Office Charging – de Bont et al. (2024) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_NL_2010_2030.parquet UK Residential Charging Station — Total Power 50 Agg Folder: Mobility Data/UK Residential Charging Station - Total Power 50 Agg/ Data file: uk_ev_charging_aggregated.parquet Sources: UK EV Chargepoint Analysis 2017 – Dept. for Transport Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_UK_2010_2030.parquet UrbanEV China Charging Station — Aggregated Profile 107 Folder: Mobility Data/UrbanEV China Charging Station - Aggregated Profile 107/ Data file: urbanEV.parquet Sources: UrbanEV Benchmark – Li et al., Sci Data (2025) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_CN_Shenzhen_2010_2030.parquet Non-Dispatchable Generation California CAISO — Aggregated Solar Folder: Non-Dispatchable Generation/California CAISO - Aggregated Solar/ Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution Reason: CAISO OASIS – proprietary terms of use, redistribution not permitted Download: http://oasis.caiso.com DE Power — Solar Folder: Non-Dispatchable Generation/DE Power - Solar/ Data file: public_power.parquet Sources: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019) DE Power — Wind Offshore Folder: Non-Dispatchable Generation/DE Power - Wind Offshore/ Data file: public_power.parquet Sources: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019) DE Power — Wind Onshore Folder: Non-Dispatchable Generation/DE Power - Wind Onshore/ Data file: public_power.parquet Sources: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019) DK Power — Solar Folder: Non-Dispatchable Generation/DK Power - Solar/ Data file: public_power.parquet Sources: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019) Energy Forecasting Competition PV Cluster — Solar_MWh_credit Folder: Non-Dispatchable Generation/Energy Forecasting Competition PV Cluster - Solar_MWh_credit/ Data file: pv.parquet Sources: Hybrid Energy Forecasting Competition – Browell (2025) Covariates: pv_covariates.parquet Energy Forecasting Competition Wind+PV — total_MWh_credit Folder: Non-Dispatchable Generation/Energy Forecasting Competition Wind+PV - total_MWh_credit/ Data file: pv_wind_total.parquet Sources: Hybrid Energy Forecasting Competition – Browell (2025) Covariates: wind_covariates.parquet Energy Forecasting Competition Windpark — Wind_MWh_credit Folder: Non-Dispatchable Generation/Energy Forecasting Competition Windpark - Wind_MWh_credit/ Data file: wind.parquet Sources: Hybrid Energy Forecasting Competition – Browell (2025) Covariates: wind_covariates.parquet FR Power — Solar Folder: Non-Dispatchable Generation/FR Power - Solar/ Data file: public_power.parquet Sources: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019) Hill of Towie Wind — active_power Folder: Non-Dispatchable Generation/Hill of Towie Wind - active_power/ Data file: hill_of_towie_active_power_15min_2023_2024.parquet Sources: Hill of Towie Wind Farm – Clerc & Lingkan (2025) Covariates: Hill_of_Towie_T01_reduced.parquet, Hill_of_Towie_T05_reduced.parquet PV Hong Kong — generation_kwh_UG Hall4 Folder: Non-Dispatchable Generation/PV Hong Kong - generation_kwh_UG Hall4/ Data file: pv_all_stations_wide.parquet Sources: Hong Kong Rooftop PV – Lin et al., Sci Data (2025) Covariates: meteorology_all_variables.parquet Residential Load HTW Berlin Households — 10 random aggregated households Folder: Residential Load/HTW Berlin Households - 10 random aggregated households/ Data file: aggregated_PL_profiles.parquet License: CC BY-NC 4.0 – non-commercial use only – https://solar.htw-berlin.de/elektrische-lastprofile-fuer-wohngebaeude/ Sources: HTW Berlin Residential Profiles – Tjaden, HTW Berlin (CC BY-NC 4.0) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet HTW Berlin Households — random_household_0 Folder: Residential Load/HTW Berlin Households - random_household_0/ Data file: aggregated_PL_randompick_1.parquet License: CC BY-NC 4.0 – non-commercial use only – https://solar.htw-berlin.de/elektrische-lastprofile-fuer-wohngebaeude/ Sources: HTW Berlin Residential Profiles – Tjaden, HTW Berlin (CC BY-NC 4.0) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet HTW Berlin Households — random_household_1 Folder: Residential Load/HTW Berlin Households - random_household_1/ Data file: aggregated_PL_randompick_1.parquet License: CC BY-NC 4.0 – non-commercial use only – https://solar.htw-berlin.de/elektrische-lastprofile-fuer-wohngebaeude/ Sources: HTW Berlin Residential Profiles – Tjaden, HTW Berlin (CC BY-NC 4.0) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet HTW Berlin Households — random_household_2 Folder: Residential Load/HTW Berlin Households - random_household_2/ Data file: aggregated_PL_randompick_1.parquet License: CC BY-NC 4.0 – non-commercial use only – https://solar.htw-berlin.de/elektrische-lastprofile-fuer-wohngebaeude/ Sources: HTW Berlin Residential Profiles – Tjaden, HTW Berlin (CC BY-NC 4.0) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet Household Lower Saxony — NO_PV_SFH10_P_TOT Folder: Residential Load/Household Lower Saxony - NO_PV_SFH10_P_TOT/ Data file: lower_saxony.parquet Sources: German SFH Load Profiles – Schlemminger et al., Sci Data (2022) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet Household Lower Saxony — NO_PV_SFH31_P_TOT Folder: Residential Load/Household Lower Saxony - NO_PV_SFH31_P_TOT/ Data file: lower_saxony.parquet Sources: German SFH Load Profiles – Schlemminger et al., Sci Data (2022) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet Household Lower Saxony — WITH_PV_SFH15_P_TOT Folder: Residential Load/Household Lower Saxony - WITH_PV_SFH15_P_TOT/ Data file: lower_saxony.parquet Sources: German SFH Load Profiles – Schlemminger et al., Sci Data (2022) Holiday Calendar – Murza et al., Zenodo (2025) Covariates: calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet Data Sources and References General / Weather / Calendar Open-Meteo Weather Data (CC BY 4.0) Holiday calendars – Murza et al. (2025) ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019) CAISO OASIS (not redistributable – All rights reserved) gridstatus library – Kanter (2025) Grid Data Bayernwerk Netz GmbH – Grid Structure Publication (not redistributable) 50Hertz Grid Load Data (not redistributable) 200 LV Feeders Paper – Treutlein et al., arXiv (2026) 200 LV Feeders Dataset – Treutlein et al., Zenodo (2025) Balancing / Market Data ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019) reBAP – Netztransparenz.de (German TSOs, not redistributable) Activated Control Reserve – Netztransparenz.de (not redistributable) Intraday Continuous Prices – Energy Charts / Fraunhofer ISE (not redistributable) Heat Data HEAPO Heat Pump Dataset – Brudermüller et al. (2025) Flensburg District Heating – Freißmann et al. (2025) Mobility / EV Charging NL EV Office Charging – de Bont et al. (2024) German Mobility Data – Mobilithek.info UrbanEV Benchmark – Li et al., Sci Data (2025) UK EV Chargepoint Analysis 2017 – Dept. for Transport Non-Dispatchable Generation Hybrid Energy Forecasting Competition – Browell (2025) Hill of Towie Wind Farm – Clerc & Lingkan (2025) Hong Kong Rooftop PV – Lin et al., Sci Data (2025) Load / Residential / Industrial 28 German Companies Power – Huber et al., KIT (2023) 5359 Industrial VEA Load Profiles – Tiemann (2024) German SFH Load Profiles – Schlemminger et al., Sci Data (2022) HTW Berlin Residential Profiles – Tjaden, HTW Berlin (CC BY-NC 4.0) License Notes The majority of datasets in this compilation are licensed under CC BY 4.0 or equivalent open licenses (ENTSO-E TSO Open Data Policy 2019, OGL v3.0, DL-DE/BY-2.0) and may be freely redistributed with attribution. The following datasets carry a non-commercial (NC) license and are included here for research purposes only. Commercial use requires separate permission from the respective rights holders: Flensburg District Heating – CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 NL Office EV Park – CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 HTW Berlin Households – CC BY-NC 4.0 The following datasets are NOT included (no redistribution permitted) – direct download links are provided in the individual dataset entries above: CAISO OASIS (Battery, Load, Solar, LMP) – All rights reserved 50Hertz Grid Load – reproduction requires written permission Bayernwerk Grid Data – §23c EnWG, no redistribution right reBAP & activated control reserve – Netztransparenz.de (German TSOs) Intraday continuous prices – Energy Charts / Fraunhofer ISE This compilation (excluding NC subsets) is released under CC BY 4.0.