Toxic cardiomyopathy is one of the most important cardiovascular complications observed in oncology patients receiving anticancer therapy. The increasing use of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy has significantly improved cancer survival rates; however, it has also increased the incidence of treatment-related cardiotoxicity. This study investigates the prevalence and clinical characteristics of toxic cardiomyopathy in oncology patients. Particular attention is given to major risk factors, including advanced age, cumulative exposure to cardiotoxic agents, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and pre-existing cardiovascular diseases. The clinical manifestations of toxic cardiomyopathy range from asymptomatic myocardial dysfunction to severe heart failure and arrhythmias. Modern diagnostic methods, such as echocardiography, global longitudinal strain analysis, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and biomarker assessment, play a crucial role in the early detection of myocardial injury. Early diagnosis and appropriate cardioprotective interventions may significantly reduce cardiovascular complications and improve long-term outcomes.