APPENDIX 1. — Measurements (in mm) by Lires et al. (2016) and of our added extinct taxa. Abbreviations: A, aquatic; A/T, aquatic and terrestric at the same time or at different postmetamorphic ontogenetic stages; F, fossil (habitat and locomotor mode treated as unknown); FeL, femur length; HuL, humerus length; HW, hopping or walking; J, jumping; LU, laterally undulating; LUB, laterally undulating and digging; RUL, radio-ulna length; Sw, foot-propelled swimmer; SwB, swimming (foot-propelled) and digging; T, terrestrial; TFL, tibio-fibula length; WHB, walking, hopping and digging.TaxonMedGeoFeLTFLHuLRULFamilyLocomodeSpecimen no.A/TAstylosternus diadematus12.06517.4020.3611.477.05ArthroleptidaeJA 136850 MCZA/TAstylosternus diadematus14.47921.4224.2113.758.83ArthroleptidaeJA 23249 MCZA/TAstylosternus diadematus10.53415.4717.879.796.17ArthroleptidaeJA 136804 MCZA/TAscaphus truei10.89114.4217.559.256.64AscaphidaeJA 57970 AMNHA/TAscaphus truei13.18917.3920.6312.207.89AscaphidaeJA 176858 AMNHA/TAscaphus truei10.26112.8816.099.695.97AscaphidaeJA 57969 AMNHA/TConraua goliath39.94870.0871.7035.2919.38ConrauidaeJA 177110 AMNHA/TConraua goliath62.921108.88108.5660.3032.80ConrauidaeJA 94325 AMNHA/TCycloramphus asper10.56016.8417.209.055.97CycloramphidaeJR 25709 MCZA/TCycloramphus asper10.92117.4118.409.595.85CycloramphidaeJA 15828 MCZA/TCycloramphus asper10.79417.5518.0410.215.42CycloramphidaeJA 85973 MCZA/TThoropa miliaris16.99225.5429.2515.109.48CycloramphidaeJA 20256 AMNHA/TThoropa miliaris17.32126.6629.3115.619.34CycloramphidaeJNo. 595 FCENA/THoplobatrachus tigerinus17.70529.1329.8917.298.29DicroglossidaeJA 57875 AMNHA/THoplobatrachus tigerinus25.21839.1942.2522.8313.17DicroglossidaeJA 58077 AMNHA/THoplobatrachus tigerinus21.04033.9334.2320.4810.04DicroglossidaeJA 57967 AMNHA/TMantidactylus majori12.96921.0122.1712.436.87HylidaeJA 120176 MCZA/TMantidactylus majori12.84121.3622.3812.596.53HylidaeJA 120177 MCZA/TMantidactylus majori11.55818.4618.8411.016.43HylidaeJA 120180 MCZA/TPseudacris regilla10.43115.4016.659.185.76HylidaeJA 176972 AMNHTHyla cinerea10.09915.3716.568.325.67HylidaeJA 58314 AMNHTHyla cinerea11.22617.3319.648.675.59HylidaeJA 176950 AMNHTHyla cinerea15.00922.8625.9612.107.56HylidaeJA 176956 AMNHTHyla gratiosa14.38522.4422.1613.137.68HylidaeJA 57968 AMNHTHyla gratiosa17.34726.6426.3815.759.54HylidaeJA 128244 AMNHTHyla gratiosa17.25325.8026.0916.359.48HylidaeJA 57640 AMNHA/TLeptodactylus latrans17.89127.0631.1315.918.78LeptodactylidaeJNo.1931 FCENA/TLeptodactylus latrans21.14330.8134.7421.6710.82LeptodactylidaeJNo. 283 FCENA/TLeptodactylus latrans27.51441.7945.7825.7914.50LeptodactylidaeJNo. 571 FCENA/TLeptodactylus pentadactylus36.45755.1059.8237.5520.31LeptodactylidaeJA 69729 AMNHA/TLeptodactylus pentadactylus41.76161.6667.2941.9423.20LeptodactylidaeJA 42888 AMNHA/TLeptodactylus pentadactylus34.02448.5454.5734.2518.38LeptodactylidaeJA 40435 AMNHA/TMantella baroni6.6539.1110.136.603.88MantellidaeJA 119917 MCZA/TMantella baroni6.4109.009.696.503.58MantellidaeJA 119922 MCZA/TMantella baroni6.5369.079.566.684.04MantellidaeJA 119921 MCZTAnodonthyla boulengerii4.4846.816.874.062.48MicrohylidaeJA 120757 MCZTAnodonthyla boulengerii5.2747.457.775.123.10MicrohylidaeJA 119980 MCZTAnodonthyla boulengerii4.7406.747.474.522.66MicrohylidaeJA 119979 MCZTPlatypelis pollicaris5.9418.379.025.813.27MicrohylidaeJA 120100 MCZTPlatypelis pollicaris6.6999.3010.196.304.02MicrohylidaeJA 120099 MCZTPlatypelis pollicaris6.6589.0010.136.403.99MicrohylidaeJA 120098 MCZA/TLithobates catesbeianus37.76757.7460.8135.8920.08RanidaeJS/N FCENA/TLithobates catesbeianus35.59357.8658.2834.4617.92RanidaeJA 177098 AMNHA/TLithobates catesbeianus29.91547.5550.2227.5215.06RanidaeJA 177099 AMNHA/TLithobates pipiens19.68529.5234.5517.0110.24RanidaeJA 177117 AMNHA/TLithobates pipiens30.28348.1451.4628.1015.90RanidaeJA 177118 AMNHA/TLithobates pipiens20.28432.2335.9716.4511.30RanidaeJA 177119 AMNHA/THylarana erythraea22.16133.4337.4018.9511.66RanidaeJA 87262 AMNHA/THylarana erythraea17.74225.3829.8215.999.63RanidaeJA 177109 AMNHA/THylarana erythraea20.08727.9734.8217.4511.30RanidaeJA 177108 AMNHTAnaxyrus americanus17.35822.9222.2820.3513.20BufonidaeHWA 67672 AMNHTAnaxyrus americanus15.16321.9622.1016.0810.04BufonidaeHWA 67673 AMNHTAnaxyrus americanus17.10622.1722.1218.6112.70BufonidaeHWA 55671 AMNHTAnaxyrus woodhousii15.91523.6223.3616.7310.24BufonidaeHWNo. 487 FCENTAnaxyrus woodhousii23.97234.3434.5126.4315.31BufonidaeHWA 176922 AMNHTAnaxyrus woodhousii20.97831.0030.5022.9213.52BufonidaeHWA 176924 AMNHTRhaebo blombergi53.56973.5573.4958.4138.11BufonidaeHWA 55321 AMNHTRhaebo blombergi47.17665.4964.6750.6831.45BufonidaeHWA 176865 AMNHA/TRhinella marina34.55946.6747.1137.4725.04BufonidaeHWA 55670 AMNHA/TRhinella marina40.61856.2455.7744.7227.68BufonidaeHWA 56009 AMNHA/TRhinella marina40.32155.0354.2946.2728.22BufonidaeHWA 69089 AMNHA/TRhinella arenarum27.57636.4737.7230.4018.25BufonidaeHWNo. 2 FCENA/TRhinella arenarum28.41038.1839.3730.7319.33BufonidaeHWNo. 5 FCENA/TRhinella arenarum26.55835.1835.8128.8017.68BufonidaeHWNo. 12 FCENA/TBufo bufo15.94920.4019.2118.8412.09BufonidaeHWNo. 1543 FCENA/TBufo bufo17.16321.9420.3820.5712.89BufonidaeHWNo. 1541 FCENA/TBufo bufo15.55519.1818.6319.0611.77BufonidaeHWA 176870 AMNHA/TMegophrys nasuta27.57838.3336.6729.1220.49MegophryidaeHWA 177047 AMNHA/TMegophrys nasuta14.69921.8620.7313.8210.96MegophryidaeHWA 177048 AMNHA/TPseudophryne corroboree5.2306.606.876.063.54MyobatrachidaeHWA 64512 AMNHA/TPseudophryne corroboree5.6516.576.796.374.11MyobatrachidaeHWA 64510 AMNHA/TPseudophryne corroboree5.4997.287.035.833.52MyobatrachidaeHWA 84048 AMNHA/TProceratophrys boiei13.25617.8418.2214.849.84OdontophrynidaeHWNo. 699 FCENA/TProceratophrys boiei12.63817.2116.9014.779.72OdontophrynidaeHWA 64634 MCZA/TBreviceps adspersus9.59313.3810.8312.786.61BrevicipitidaeWHBA 137778 MCZA/TBreviceps adspersus8.39911.429.7311.135.34BrevicipitidaeWHBA 137790 MCZTEpidalea calamita12.25416.4515.7815.428.36BufonidaeWHBS/N FCENTEpidalea calamita19.13926.3125.7421.3612.84BufonidaeWHBA 56011 AMNHTEpidalea calamita11.22614.7812.9713.728.69BufonidaeWHBA 176871 AMNHTCeratophrys ornata25.78935.7434.2230.7316.23CeratophryidaeWHBNo. 1051 (2) FCENTCeratophrys ornata21.26828.9127.1524.8513.89CeratophryidaeWHBA 56320 AMNHA/TSmilisca fodiens11.19616.9816.9811.005.91HylidaeWHBA 62585 AMNHA/TSmilisca fodiens12.02617.9618.1111.526.79HylidaeWHBA 177005 AMNHA/TSmilisca fodiens12.08418.3318.8011.396.55HylidaeWHBA 177004 AMNHA/TDermatonotus muelleri13.33418.4516.0117.069.43MicrohylidaeWHBA 30131 MCZA/TDermatonotus muelleri13.67319.3716.6616.739.94MicrohylidaeWHBA 30128 MCZA/TDermatonotus muelleri13.30218.8916.0717.119.36MicrohylidaeWHBA 30130 MCZA/THypopachus variolosus8.41812.6912.549.784.25MicrohylidaeWHBA 21312 MCZA/THypopachus variolosus7.87911.5011.437.854.99MicrohylidaeWHBA 26532 MCZA/THypopachus variolosus7.81311.8711.617.824.34MicrohylidaeWHBA 26533 MCZTKaloula pulchra10.84915.1714.1212.627.31MicrohylidaeWHBA 177033 AMNHTKaloula pulchra14.99620.8918.3818.0410.80MicrohylidaeWHBA 177032 AMNHA/TOdontophrynus americanus8.64412.1011.3010.056.60OdontophrynidaeWHBNo. 781 (13) FCENA/TOdontophrynus americanus13.01818.1716.5615.539.36OdontophrynidaeWHBNo. 852 FCENA/TOdontophrynus americanus10.58714.9913.7912.237.51OdontophrynidaeWHBNo. 781 FCENTRhinophrynus dorsalis11.49217.7015.4415.317.71RhinophrynidaeWHBNo. 42617 MACNTRhinophrynus dorsalis11.47617.4014.9414.457.59RhinophrynidaeWHBS/N FCENA/TScaphiopus couchii13.57119.7317.4716.4910.67ScaphiopodidaeWHBS/N FCENA/TScaphiopus couchii14.83321.3219.4618.0210.66ScaphiopodidaeWHBA 177055 AMNHA/TScaphiopus couchii14.05021.0919.9916.1510.00ScaphiopodidaeWHBA 56294 AMNHA/TSpea hammondi12.66119.4717.4613.978.04ScaphiopodidaeWHBA 177061 AMNHA/TSpea hammondi11.80818.0215.9313.087.67ScaphiopodidaeWHBA 177062 AMNHA/TSpea hammondi11.76717.0116.4412.887.88ScaphiopodidaeWHBA 177063 AMNHACalyptocephalella gayi30.72943.4043.0631.7119.64CalyptocephalellidaeSwNo. 1433 FCENACalyptocephalella gayi27.44837.2438.1628.9017.71CalyptocephalellidaeSwS/N FCENACalyptocephalella gayi27.26338.7539.0229.0717.75CalyptocephalellidaeSwA 51510 AMNHA/TLitoria dahli14.87323.4924.9612.857.65HylidaeSwBS/N FCENAPseudis minuta12.30021.9620.5910.436.37HylidaeSwS/N FCENAPseudis platensis15.28827.3726.5512.267.85HylidaeSwNo. 727 FCENAPipa arrabali10.65417.1417.328.585.96PipidaeSwBA 51175 AMNHAPipa carvalhoi14.31322.4122.5812.008.12PipidaeSwBNo. 42608 MACNAPipa pipa25.49338.8435.8926.4016.27PipidaeSwBNo.1434APipa pipa7.50111.8811.017.704.08PipidaeSwBQCAZ 8333APipa pipa16.29724.6122.0617.0210.64PipidaeSwBQCAZ 11919A/TSilurana tropicalis10.08014.6415.917.896.39PipidaeSwA 11871 MCZA/TSilurana tropicalis10.45915.8318.358.475.47PipidaeSwA 115390 MCZA/TSilurana tropicalis10.23915.5117.497.125.88PipidaeSwA 11865 MCZA/TXenopus fraseri8.86313.3814.716.495.14PipidaeSwA 21630 MCZA/TXenopus fraseri11.04116.7918.498.366.25PipidaeSwA 46474 MCZA/TXenopus fraseri9.55613.6315.587.785.73PipidaeSwA 46478 MCZA/TXenopus laevis18.65828.6129.1215.9711.67PipidaeSwS/N FCENA/TXenopus laevis15.37424.1324.8812.948.55PipidaeSwA 177085 AMNHA/TXenopus laevis17.20327.8228.4113.959.06PipidaeSwA 177086 AMNHA/TXenopus muelleri13.17920.5821.6410.947.53PipidaeSwNo. 42631 MACNA/TXenopus wittei8.18511.9513.206.984.64PipidaeSwNo. 42624 MACNATelmatobius culeus17.64425.4025.5319.1610.62TelmatobiidaeSwA 1080 MCZATelmatobius culeus33.35147.9549.9633.5620.75TelmatobiidaeSwA 1078 MCZATelmatobius hauthali10.53315.3716.7610.615.74TelmatobiidaeSwNo. 320 FCENATelmatobius hauthali13.64519.6021.3913.277.67TelmatobiidaeSwS/N FCENATelmatobius macrostomus34.42246.7047.8039.3224.17TelmatobiidaeSwNo. 1208-1 (1) FCENATelmatobius schreiteri14.15320.2621.2614.358.33TelmatobiidaeSwNo. 00541 FMLATelmatobius scrocchii14.36821.3222.7114.038.22TelmatobiidaeSwNo. 1515 (355)FCENATelmatobius scrocchii14.68221.5823.5614.498.59TelmatobiidaeSwNo. 1515 (356) FMLA/TAmbystoma maculatum4.5487.595.417.414.29AmbystomidaeLUB / AA 87252 AMNHA/TAmbystoma maculatum4.3126.834.237.584.2AmbystomidaeLUB / AA 87255 AMNHA/TAmbystoma maculatum4.6507.714.957.894.4AmbystomidaeLUB / AA 87254 AMNHA/TAmbystoma mexicanum7.67412.838.2513.927.89AmbystomidaeLUB / AA 56010 AMNHA/TAmbystoma tigrinum5.61310.16.1510.956.3AmbystomidaeLUB / AA 177133 AMNHA/TAmbystoma tigrinum8.28013.598.8212.87.71AmbystomidaeLUB / AA 79931 AMNHA/TAmbystoma tigrinum7.18712.117.4212.727.14AmbystomidaeLUB / AA 58448 AMNHA/TDicamptodon ensatus9.13616.1910.4417.288.97AmbystomidaeLU / AA 177136 AMNHAAndrias japonicus23.98542.4625.6840.722.5CryptobranchidaeLU / AA 57991 AMNHACryptobranchus alleganiensis11.99022.0212.6620.511.88CryptobranchidaeLUB / AA 55996 AMNHACryptobranchus alleganiensis17.40235.817.0733.4718.27CryptobranchidaeLUB / AA 88985 AMNHACryptobranchus alleganiensis12.34226.3913.1522.512.78CryptobranchidaeLUB / AA 69080 AMNHANecturus maculosus5.92112.595.6311.95.75ProteidaeLUB / AA 55994 AMNHANecturus maculosus6.24512.265.5511.636ProteidaeLUB / AA 55997 AMNHA/TRhyacotriton olympicus2.5734.912.794.442.61RhyacotritonidaeLU / AA 177159 AMNHA/TNotophthalmus viridescens2.9105.73.265.283.04SalamandridaeLU / AA 67412 AMNHAPachytriton brevipes3.7597.143.447.063.73SalamandridaeLU / AA 22346 MCZAPachytriton brevipes4.4208.193.957.933.89SalamandridaeLU / AA 101047 MCZAPachytriton brevipes3.2206.113.156.642.68SalamandridaeLU / AA 7986 MCZAPleurodeles waltl5.9569.65.911.235.43SalamandridaeLUB / AS/N FCENAPleurodeles waltl4.0617.513.7983.73SalamandridaeLUB / AA 117166 AMNHA/TTaricha granulosa6.1039.246.2511.845.53SalamandridaeLU / AA 58444 AMNHA/TTaricha granulosa6.42810.26.6913.526.76SalamandridaeLU / AA 85377 AMNHA/TTaricha rivularis6.93312.546.8313.16.67SalamandridaeLU / AA 56006 AMNHA/TTaricha rivularis6.0949.786.6810.965.96SalamandridaeLU / AA 56214 AMNHA/TTaricha torosa6.0179.796.0110.795.86SalamandridaeLU / AA 177167 AMNHA/TTaricha torosa5.1068.955.199.935.12SalamandridaeLU / AA 53765 AMNHA/TTriturus cristatus4.2556.984.267.123.9SalamandridaeLU / AA 68241 AMNHA/TMertensiella caucasica4.3827.114.478.364.08SalamandridaeLU / AA 56317 AMNHA/TSalamandra salamandra6.80411.237.7612.087.45SalamandridaeLUB / AA 177160 AMNHA/TSalamandra salamandra7.79612.277.5513.57.45SalamandridaeLUB / AA 177161 AMNHTAspidoscelis tigris9.38717.515.2312.799.59TeiidaeLUBR 155237 AMNHTAspidoscelis tigris8.97216.7414.04128.81TeiidaeLUBR 155239 AMNHTAspidoscelis tigris10.25918.7516.3413.8410TeiidaeLUBR 155242 AMNHTCordylus niger7.26214.639.7811.627.5CordylidaeLUR 154708 AMNHTGambelia wislizenii13.43126.627.0118.1614.63CrotaphytidaeLUR 154785 AMNHTGambelia wislizenii13.11824.8824.5716.7713.39CrotaphytidaeLUR 154787 AMNHTGambelia wislizenii13.90526.9525.7119.8113.24CrotaphytidaeLUR 154788 AMNHTLeiolepis belliana6.47811.6811.268.625.99AgamidaeLUBR 154817 AMNHTPetrosaurus thalassinus11.67022.9717.8818.4712.97PhrynosomatidaeLUR 154860 AMNHTPetrosaurus thalassinus12.37625.1518.3219.5813.41PhrynosomatidaeLUR 154861 AMNHTPetrosaurus thalassinus17.30034.6924.6926.0518.77PhrynosomatidaeLUR 154862 AMNHTUma notata notata11.25021.9521.0718.1112.96PhrynosomatidaeLUBR 154830 AMNHTUma notata notata7.74213.4713.3711.488.01PhrynosomatidaeLUBR 154831 AMNHTUma notata notata7.33713.8113.0411.317.62PhrynosomatidaeLUBR 154832 AMNHTSauromalus ater17.19834.1524.3929.1518.17IguanidaeLUR 155153 AMNHTSauromalus ater16.33633.3722.8929.0416.14IguanidaeLUR 155158 AMNHTSauromalus ater15.50531.6822.4825.7414.95IguanidaeLUR 155161 AMNHTStenocercus caducus9.82419.5418.0914.7310.46TropiduridaeLUR 154827 AMNHTStenocercus caducus8.53916.4113.7512.118.52TropiduridaeLUR 162751 AMNHTTropidurus malenopleurus8.68517.3813.4514.2810.21TropiduridaeLUR 154981 AMNHTTropidurus malenopleurus8.07715.512.1712.678.61TropiduridaeLUR 154982 AMNHTTropidurus malenopleurus8.71517.5613.5214.6610.17TropiduridaeLUR 154984 AMNH–Triadobatrachus massinoti12.73022.0814.3718.4311.23–FMNHN.F.MAE126–Batropetes palatinus4.4646.13.36.82.9–FMB.Am.1232 (right)–Batropetes palatinus4.5246.13.36.53.2–FMB.Am.1232 (left)–Batopetes appelensis3.2834.32.44.52.5–FMNHM PW 2001/308-LS–Batropetes palatinus4.9806.93.46.93.8–FMNHM PW 2001/306-LS–Batropetes palatinus3.6994.82.562.6–FMNHM PW 2001/307-LS–Batropetes palatinus3.7684.82.562.8–FMNHM PW 2001/309-LS–Batropetes niederkirchensis5.4717.73.78.53.7–SMNS 55884 (right)–Batropetes niederkirchensis5.3217.73.58.53.5–FSMNS 55884 (left)–Batropetes fritschi3.2954.12.635.22.1–FSLFG SS 13558 / SS 13559–Celtedens ibericus4.3616.254.254.543.00–FLH 6020 (left)–Celtedens ibericus5.6158.255.255.753.99–FLH 030 R (left)–Platyrhinops lyelli13.64519.1111.7315.4310.02–FAMNH 6841 (right)–Doleserpeton annectens7.7679.115.0610.647.43–FFMNH UR 1320, 1321, 1381, 1382–Pantylus cordatus15.26319.0510.8221.9312.01–FUT 40001-1, 40001-6–Micropholis stowi11.97416.9610.9415.817.01–FBSM 1934 VIII E–Micropholis stowi12.09416.1210.9716.537.32–FBSM 1934 VIII C–Tuditanus punctulatus9.06412.767.5710.806.47–FAMNH 6926 (forelimb), USNM 4457 (hindlimb)–Diabloroter bolti3.3884.383.003.662.74–FACFGM V-1634