Built in the first half of the 5th millennium BCE, Neolithic rondel enclosures (NRE) mark the inception of monumental building traditions in Central Europe. The steep rise in newly identified sites in recent years makes it difficult to analyse and understand this phenomenon to the full extent. This repository contains data set submitted to the Journal of Open Archaeology Data. The data set covers all currently known 261 NREs dispersed on the territory of Austria, Croatia, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. Excerpted from literature and supplemented with recent discoveries, the data set describes precise geospatial position, key construction elements, and the state of research for each NRE. Comparable contemporary enclosures and structures previously misinterpreted as NREs are also presented. The data set offers a foundation for detailed spatial analyses and supports deeper investigation into the development, distribution, and significance of NREs. The dataset consists of the following files: 1_NREs.csv - Main dataset of all currently known Neolithic rondel enclosures (NREs). 2_NRE_like_and_potential.csv - Register of enclosures that cannot currently be confidently classified as NREs because they do not meet the key diagnostic criteria, but may represent NRE-like or potential examples. 3_non_NREs.csv - Register of enclosures previously identified in the literature as NREs but subsequently reinterpreted and/or redated, and therefore no longer considered NREs. References.pdf - List of referred literature. Dataset variables: ID StateLocalisation of the NRE according to the state. RegionLocalisation of the NRE according to the historical or geographical regions of Central Europe. NameThe name of the NRE following the site name established in archaeological literature. When a single site features multiple enclosures, Arabic numerals were added to distinguish between them. District Localisation of the NRE according to the district, county, or similar administrative unit applied in the respective state. CultureCultural affiliation of the NRE. In cases when cultural affiliation was not verified by excavation or at least by surface survey at the site, the affiliation is stated with a question mark, being typically based on the regional context. Abbreviations: GG – Grossgartach; LGK – Lengyel; MOG – Moravian Painted Ware; PF – Planig-Friedberg; ROS – Rössen; SBK – Stichbandkeramik; SOB – Südostbayerisches Mittelneolithikum/Oberlauterbach; SOP – Sopot. DitchesThe number of rondel ditches. ? – unknown or uncertain, > – minimum of. Max_diamThe diameter of the largest rondel ditch. Measured in central points of a ditch width and given in meters. Note that this figure may be only approximate in the case of unexcavated rondels. ? – unknown or uncertain, > – minimum of. In_trenches The number of circular trenches inside the central area of the NRE. ? – unknown or uncertain, > – minimum of. Out_trenchesThe number of circular trenches on the outer side or between the ditches. ? – unknown or uncertain, > – minimum of. EntrancesThe number of entrances. ? – unknown or uncertain, > – minimum of. Out_enclosure The NRE is surrounded by an additional ditch/trench enclosure. Y – yes, N – no, ? – unknown or uncertain. Rem_sensingThe NRE can be identified by aerial survey, satellite imagery, LiDAR or other remote sensing methods. Y – yes, N – no, ? – unknown. Geophysics The NRE was examined by geophysical methods. Y – yes, N – no, ? – unknown. Excav/trench The NRE was excavated or at least verified by limited trenching. Y – yes, N – no, ? – unknown. Preserved Most of the NRE area is currently preserved and has not been significantly disturbed by modern infrastructure. Completely or largely archaeologically excavated rondels are considered preserved. Y – yes, N – no, ? – unknown. Reference Reference to the literature giving the most comprehensive information on the NRE. WGS_N; WGS_E Geographical coordinates of the centre of the NRE in the World Geodetic System (WGS) 1984 (EPSG: 4326) given in the decimal degrees format [XX.XXXXX]. NoteAdditional information about the NRE.