Causal inference is a critical research topic across many domains, such as statistics, computer science, education, public policy, and economics, for decades. Nowadays, estimating causal effect from observational data has become an appealing research direction owing to the large amount of available data and low budget requirement, compared with randomized controlled trials. Embraced with the rapidly developed machine learning area, various causal effect estimation methods for observational data have sprung up. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of causal inference methods underResearch goal: How does the fairness performance of TabPFN vary across different causal structure complexities when evaluated on heterogeneous tabular datasets like TabMWP or TabFewShot using metrics such as demographic parity or equalized odds?Autonomous synthesis report generated by SOVEREIGN Research Kernel. Tribunal consensus score: 8.8/10.