Smart agriculture uses the Internet of Things (IoT) to address both food security and environmental protection. Instead of relying on one-size-fits-all farming methods, it shifts to data-driven systems that adjust to real field conditions. This research examines IoT frameworks for automating irrigation and fertilization, designed to boost crop yields while conserving water and nutrients.Distributed sensor networks — measuring soil moisture, temperature, and NPK levels — collect continuous, real-time data from the field. Edge computing devices then analyze this data using set thresholds and calibration methods to enable precise nutrient dosing and responsive irrigation control.While automation can significantly improve efficiency, adoption among small-scale farmers is still limited. High setup costs, poor scalability in resource-limited areas, and lack of consistent maintenance are key barriers. By connecting monitoring and automation to the cloud, IoT-based farming reduces human error, prevents overuse of resources, slows soil degradation, and cuts financial losses. The result is a farming system that’s more reliable, cost-effective, and sustainable.