Transport and communication are essential components of regional development, facilitating economic growth, administrative efficiency, and social integration. Sambalpur, situated in western Odisha, has historically occupied a strategic position connecting eastern and central India. The present study examines the historical evolution of transport and communication systems in Sambalpur and analyzes their contribution to regional development. Using historical and descriptive research methods, the study relies on archival records, district gazetteers, government reports, and secondary literature. The findings indicate that the development of roads, railways, highways, and communication networks significantly contributed to economic expansion, market integration, industrial growth, and social mobility. The study concludes that transport and communication infrastructure has played a crucial role in shaping the socio-economic transformation of Sambalpur from ancient times to the present.