This study presents a comparative techno-economic and life cycle analysis of major photovoltaicmaterials used in solar panel technologies, including monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphoussilicon, CdTe, CIGS, and GaAs. The materials were evaluated based on efficiency, operational lifetime, carbonfootprint, energy payback period, recyclability, and environmental sustainability. The results indicate thatmonocrystalline silicon provides the most balanced combination of efficiency and long-term reliability, whilethin-film technologies demonstrate lower environmental impact and shorter energy payback periods. The studyalso highlights the significant role of recycling technologies in reducing photovoltaic waste and supporting thesustainable development of solar energy systems. The findings confirm that future photovoltaic systems shouldfocus not only on energy efficiency, but also on ecological sustainability and material recovery potential