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Conditions for Emergent Gravitational Light Bending from a Logarithmic Superfluid Vacuum

Authors: Kulangiev, Benny Boris;

Conditions for Emergent Gravitational Light Bending from a Logarithmic Superfluid Vacuum

Abstract

Purely scalar theories of gravitation predict a Parameterized Post-Newtonian (PPN) parameter \(\gamma = 0\), yielding only half the observed light deflection. We trace this failure to a structural feature of real scalar wave equations: the characteristic propagation speed is fixed by the D’Alembertian operator and cannot depend on the background field, regardless of the self-interaction potential. We show that modeling the vacuum as a complex superfluid with a relativistic logarithmic nonlinearity, analyzed via the Madelung transformation, introduces two new degrees of freedom absent in the wave equation form: a density-dependent sound speed and a macroscopic flow velocity. Using the standard relativistic acoustic-metric formalism of Barceló-Liberati-Visser, we derive the sound speed \(c_{s}^{2} = {\lbrack{{2{\ln{({\overline{\rho}/\rho_{c}})}}} + 3}\rbrack}^{- 1}\) from the logarithmic equation of state, demonstrating its dependence on the local vacuum density—an effect absent in the non-relativistic limit. We compute the PPN parameter for the static acoustic metric, finding \(\gamma = {{({1 - \alpha})}/{({1 + \alpha})}}\) where \(\alpha = {d{\ln{{c_{s}/d}{\ln\rho}}}}\). The logarithmic equation of state at the background density gives \(\alpha = {- 1}\), placing \(\gamma_{static}\) exactly at the pole of this expression: the static acoustic metric is not merely numerically wrong but mathematically ill-defined. We then demonstrate that a non-static acoustic metric with macroscopic vacuum flow regularizes this pathology and yields \(\gamma = 1\) exactly, provided the flow velocity satisfies \({v{(r)}} = \sqrt{{2G_{eff}M}/r}\)—the Painlevé-Gullstrand profile. Using a self-consistent Bondi accretion calculation, we show that the logarithmic equation of state does not naturally produce this profile in the far field, where the flow decays as \(r^{- 2}\) rather than the required \(r^{- {1/2}}\). We further show that the Painlevé-Gullstrand flow is the _only_ self-consistent weak-field solution of the acoustic metric equations: the static metric is divergent, whereas the flowing metric closes the self-consistency loop for any barotropic fluid. The remaining open problem is to derive this macroscopic flow as a collective effect of the microscopic soliton dynamics.

Keywords

PPN parameter, LSV, Gravitational Light Bending, acoustic metric, Superfluid Vacuum, Painlevé–Gullstrand profile, gravitational light deflection, Bondi accretion, Logarithmic Superfluid Vacuum, emergent gravity, analogue gravity, Madelung hydrodynamics, logarithmic Klein-Gordon equation, equation of state

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average