Joseph Conrad’s Under Western Eyes is a powerful psychological and political novel that deeply explores the moral, emotional, and ideological conflicts experienced by individuals living under the oppressive rule of Tsarist Russia. Set against the backdrop of political unrest and revolutionary activity in early twentieth-century Russia and Switzerland, the novel presents a complex examination of human psychology, political oppression, and ethical responsibility. Through the tragic experiences of the protagonist, Razumov, Conrad investigates important themes such as loyalty and betrayal, love and sacrifice, political identity, deception, alienation, and existential loneliness. Razumov’s internal conflict forms the emotional center of the novel, as he struggles between self-preservation and moral responsibility after betraying the revolutionary Haldin to the authorities. The novel also presents a critical view of revolutionary politics and political extremism. Conrad portrays both the autocratic Russian government and the violent revolutionary movement as morally flawed systems that trap individuals in cycles of fear, suspicion, and betrayal. Through symbols such as terrorist violence, failed escape plans, espionage, and emotional isolation, Conrad highlights the destructive consequences of fanaticism and political manipulation. Furthermore, the novel contains important literary allusions, particularly to Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky, which allows Conrad to compare themes of guilt, confession, suffering, and redemption. Natalia Haldin also emerges as an important symbolic figure representing love, moral truth, and human connection. This paper critically analyzes the major themes and symbols in Under Western Eyes and demonstrates how Conrad presents the tragic consequences of political extremism, deception, and emotional isolation while emphasizing the human need for honesty, love, and belonging.