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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Data-Driven Detection of Complex Multiplication in Weight 2 Cusp Forms

Authors: Weiss, Tobias;

Data-Driven Detection of Complex Multiplication in Weight 2 Cusp Forms

Abstract

We introduce a machine learning approach for detecting Complex Multiplication (CM) in weight 2 newforms using a dataset of 53,779 modular forms from the LMFDB. By combining prime-indexed Fourier coefficients a_p for 25 primes up to 97 with 11 Sato-Tate moments M_2(d) and standardized ratios, we achieve F1=0.900 and precision=0.973 on an 80/20 held-out test set using Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM). Our contribution reveals M₄/M₂ as the most discriminative feature (importance 0.157), with trace coefficients at p=23, 41, and 7 contributing significantly. We find CM forms represent only 0.40% of the dataset (213/53,779), presenting a challenging class imbalance problem. Our results demonstrate that CM is learnable from small-dimensional feature sets without feature selection, providing a scalable alternative to Elliptic Curve analysis.

Keywords

Machine Learning, Complex Multiplication, Modular Forms, Number Theory, Sato-Tate Distribution, Data Mining, Gradient Boosting, Classification, Fourier Coefficients, Elliptic Curves

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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