The central nervous system (CNS) plays a crucial role in regulating cognitive, sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Pharmacological agents affecting the CNS are widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of neurological, psychiatric, anesthetic, and pain-related disorders. These medications exert their effects through various mechanisms involving neurotransmitters, receptors, ion channels, and neuronal signaling pathways. Proper classification, dosage determination, and prescription writing are essential for ensuring therapeutic efficacy and patient safety. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the classification of CNS-acting drugs, their pharmacological properties, therapeutic dosages, and the fundamental principles of rational prescription writing. The article also discusses current trends in CNS pharmacotherapy and emphasizes the importance of individualized treatment strategies.