Ayurveda is an ancient system of natural healing that dates back 5,000 years and originates from the Vedic culture of India. In recent decades, there has been significant growth in the area of herbal medicine. Both modern and ancient societies have recognized that medicinal plants and herbs possess compounds known for their therapeutic benefits. Historically, these plants were the primary source of active ingredients used to treat various human ailments. The resurgence of herbal medicine has led to an increase in research focused on the pharmacological properties of plants utilized in traditional healing practices. Among the Solanaceae family, the Solanum genus stands out as the largest, comprising over 2,000 species. Solanum surattense is recognized as one of the most effective plants within this family and is frequently employed in Ayurvedic medicine. Various parts of this plant—such as the stem, leaves, roots, and fruits—exhibit significant efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal pathogens. Medicinal plants are distinctive for their ability to generate a wide array of chemical compounds that demonstrate impressive biological activities. Research into these plants has led to the identification of numerous bioactive compounds with remarkable therapeutic benefits. Solanum surattense, a perennial herb that grows wild, is extensively utilized in traditional medicine. A thorough review of the literature indicates that different parts of the plant, including roots, stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds, contain phytochemical compounds associated with a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects. Each part of the plant is known to possess medicinal properties. The objective of the current study was to streamline and present structured information regarding the pharmacological properties of S. surattense. This literature review uncovered recent research on the phytochemicals of S. surattense, highlighting how these active compounds exert various activities at the molecular level in essential biological processes.