Operations Research (OR) provides scientific, quantitative tools for decision-making in complex systems. While traditionally used in Industry and Défense, OR is now transforming social science research by enabling evidence-based policy in health, education, governance, and welfare. This article examines OR techniques, objectives, methodology, literature, and limitations with Indian case studies like Co - WIN, Aadhaar, UPI, and General Elections. Findings suggest OR enhances efficiency and equity but must be combined with behavioural insights for humane outcomes.