This technical monograph presents a self-contained, deterministic alternative to probabilistic quantum mechanics and parameterized cosmological models: Temporal Scalar Field Theory (TSFT). By establishing localized Radial Position (r) as the fundamental independent variable, this framework eliminates the requirement for non-physical parameters, dark matter placeholders, and arbitrary gauge-fixing constraints. We demonstrate that mass, energy, and temporal resolution emerge as secondary hydrodynamic properties of a compressed, pressurized scalar medium bounded within interlocking Cubic Wave Fields satisfying the divergence condition ∇·E = 2. Utilizing a unique Universal Curvature Coefficient (1343.6928) derived from a discrete, closed-loop polygonal vertex progression ladder, alongside a fixed spatial-scaling operator (3.1104), we provide exact geometric derivations for planetary orbital periods, solar core electric pressure distributions, and multi-frequency solar-terrestrial cycle alignments. The mathematical closure of this system provides an unparameterized, phase-locked coordinate matrix capable of resolving observed astronomical velocity anomalies directly from baseline field geometry.