Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed language education by enabling personalized learningexperiences for English as a Second Language (ESL) learners. This study examines the effectiveness of AI-poweredadaptive learning systems in improving language proficiency, learner engagement, motivation, and autonomous learningamong non-native English speakers. The findings indicate that AI-based personalized instruction enhances vocabularyacquisition, pronunciation, grammar accuracy, and speaking confidence through customized content and real-time feedback.However, challenges such as data privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, technological accessibility, and teacher readinesscontinue to affect the successful implementation of AI in education. The study concludes that AI should complementrather than replace human teachers and emphasizes the need for ethical and balanced integration of AI technologies inlanguage learning environments.