The dataset used in this study is primarily derived from two sources: first, data related to rural digitalization, compiled from the *China Taobao Village Research Report*, Peking University’s *Digital Inclusive Finance Development Index Report*, the Zhejiang University Carter-Enterprise Research China Agriculture-Related Research Database (CCAD), various statistical yearbooks, and the EPS Global Statistics Platform; second, data on the well-being of rural elderly residents, institutional variables, and various control variables, sourced from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS).The CFPS conducted its first baseline survey in 2010, followed by biennial follow-up surveys. Since questions related to parent-child relationships were not included until 2016, this study utilizes data from the four survey rounds conducted in 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022.The survey covers 25 provincial-level administrative regions in China and provides a wealth of information at the individual and household levels, including demographic characteristics, health status, income and consumption, social security, and intergenerational relationships, thereby providing a solid foundation for research on the well-being of the elderly in rural areas.The study sample was defined as rural residents aged 60 and older, covering 24 provincial-level administrative regions in China (Beijing was excluded due to excessive missing data). The CFPS microdata were matched with rural digitalization data at the provincial level, and missing data for specific years and provinces were imputed using trend extrapolation and linear interpolation. ultimately constructing a panel dataset comprising 7,760 valid observations, which provides a reliable data foundation for empirical research on the relationship between rural digital transformation and the well-being of the elderly in rural areas.