This article examines the effectiveness of modern preventive and therapeutic approaches in the treatment of dental caries, one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide. The study highlights the multifactorial etiology of caries, emphasizing both biological and behavioral risk factors. Current preventive strategies, including fluoride therapy, sealants, dietary modifications, and personalized oral hygiene programs, are discussed alongside therapeutic methods such as minimally invasive restorative techniques, adhesive dentistry, and the use of bioactive materials. The paper also addresses novel technologies, including nanomaterials, laser therapy, and salivary diagnostics, which are transforming caries management. The results underscore that integrated preventive and therapeutic approaches are essential for effective disease control and long-term oral health.