Maternal anemia during pregnancy is a significant risk factor for adverse perinatal outcomes and impaired early childhood development. Reduced maternal hemoglobin levels may lead to fetal hypoxia, growth restriction, premature birth, and neonatal adaptation disorders. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of maternal anemia on neonatal health and early child development. The findings indicate that severe anemia is associated with low birth weight, respiratory problems, delayed psychomotor development, and increased infection risk. Timely prevention and treatment of anemia during pregnancy are essential for improving maternal and child health.