This article analyzes the role, theoretical and methodological foundations, and key functions of adaptive pedagogical systems in the educational process. The essence and significance of the diagnostic, prognostic, organizational, monitoring and assessment, developmental, and motivational functions of adaptive pedagogical systems are examined, with particular attention to their contribution to shaping students’ individual learning trajectories. Furthermore, the study substantiates the role of artificial intelligence, learning analytics, and modern information and communication technologies in enhancing the effectiveness of adaptive educational systems under conditions of digital transformation.