The triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index is a simple, low-cost surrogate marker of insulin resistance and has recently emerged as a strong predictor of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). MAFLD is a highly prevalent liver disorder closely linked with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Growing evidence suggests that elevated TyG index is significantly associated with the presence, severity, and progression of MAFLD. This review summarizes current evidence on the association between TyG index and MAFLD and highlights its potential role in clinical risk stratification and early diagnosis.