Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder affects approximately 2–3% of the global population and 1–2% of India's population — approximately 15–20 million people. This article examines the neuroscience of OCD beyond popular stereotypes — specifically the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit dysfunction, the hyperactive error-detection system of the orbitofrontal cortex, and the serotonin and glutamate pathways implicated in OCD. The distinction between intrusive thoughts (universal) and OCD (the pathological relationship with intrusive thoughts) is carefully delineated. Evidence-based treatments — Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), CBT, SSRIs, and emerging treatments including deep brain stimulation and ketamine — are examined with current clinical evidence. The Vedic tradition's concept of Vairagya — non-attachment — is presented as the philosophical parallel to ERP's mechanism of decoupling thought from compulsive response.