This dataset contains raw and processed experimental data supporting the manuscript “Hierarchical Micro-Nano Surface Architectures Produced by Laser Peening Enhance Tribocorrosion Resistance and Early Stem Cell Response of Conventional and Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel.” It includes EBSD data, residual stress measurements, hardness and surface roughness results, SEM images (before and after laser peening and tribocorrosion), XRD data, worn surface morphologies, and cell study images along with supporting presentation slides. The data were generated to evaluate the influence of laser peening-induced surface architectures on microstructure, mechanical response, tribocorrosion behavior, and early biological response of conventional and additively manufactured 316L stainless steel.