This dataset accompanies the article "Fleeing is believing: adaptive behavior under social threat as an inference process" (Frontiers in Neural Circuits, DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2026.1812938). A preprint version is also available on bioRxiv at DOI: 10.64898/2026.02.17.706393. The dataset contains processed behavioral trajectories used to analyze social defeat behavior in mice and to validate the computational model described in the manuscript. Code used for analysis and modeling is available at: https://github.com/hridaik/social-defeat Please cite both this dataset and the associated publication when using these data.