# BERKELEY EARTH SURFACE TEMPERATURE - HIGH RESOLUTION DATASET Dataset: Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature - High Resolution DatasetProducer: Berkeley EarthContents: Text summary files and gridded NetCDF files for land-only andglobal surface temperature products. ## OVERVIEW This collection contains high-resolution Berkeley Earth Surface Temperaturefiles. The data are provided as temperature anomalies relative to the1951-1980 average. The collection includes four primary data products: * Land-only TMAX, available from 1850 to present* Land-only TMIN, available from 1850 to present* Land-only TAVG, available from 1750 to present* Global TAVG, available from 1850 to present For each data product, the collection includes text summary files and griddedmonthly NetCDF files. The text files are intended for users who want summarytime series. The NetCDF files are intended for users who want spatiallyresolved gridded fields. ## TEMPERATURE VARIABLES AND DOMAINS Land-only TMAX Monthly and annual averages of land-only daily maximum temperatureanomalies. Available from 1850 to present. Land-only TMIN Monthly and annual averages of land-only daily minimum temperatureanomalies. Available from 1850 to present. Land-only TAVG Monthly and annual land-only average temperature anomalies.Available from 1750 to present. Global TAVG Monthly and annual summaries of global average temperature anomalies.Available from 1850 to present. The global product combines land andocean surface temperature information. The ocean component is areinterpolation derived from HadSST4. ## REFERENCE PERIOD All temperatures are reported as anomalies relative to the 1951-1980 average. For a given month or year: temperature anomaly = estimated temperature - 1951-1980 average temperature Positive values indicate temperatures warmer than the 1951-1980 average forthe corresponding location, month, or domain. Negative values indicatetemperatures cooler than that average. ## TEXT SUMMARY FILES Each data product has three associated text summary files: 1. Annual average summary Annual mean temperature anomaly time series for the corresponding data product. 2. Monthly average summary Monthly mean temperature anomaly time series for the corresponding data product. 3. Monthly ensemble summary Monthly temperature anomaly ensemble summary containing 50 alternative realizations. These realizations provide a representation of uncertainty in the Berkeley Earth analysis. The text files are intended for general users and are the recommended startingpoint for users interested in domain-average annual or monthly time series.They contain additional context and descriptions embedded in their headers. ## GRIDDED NETCDF FILES Each data product also has two gridded monthly NetCDF files. File names followthe product naming convention used in the release. Examples include: Global_TAVG_Gridded_Ensemble-All_1deg.ncGlobal_TAVG_Gridded_0p25deg.nc The two gridded files are: 1. Gridded ensemble file at 1 degree resolution This file contains monthly gridded ensemble information for the data product (50 members). 2. Gridded field file at 0.25 degree resolution This file contains monthly gridded temperature anomaly fields at quarter degree spatial resolution. The gridded NetCDF files contain monthly anomaly fields. They also contain aclimatology field of monthly average temperatures. The climatology field canbe used to recover the estimated actual temperature from the anomaly field. For monthly gridded data: estimated actual temperature = temperature anomaly + monthly climatology The climatology should be matched by location and calendar month whenrecovering estimated actual temperatures. ## EXPECTED FILE GROUPS The collection is organized around the following four data products: Product Domain Variable Time coverage --- Land-only TMAX Land-only TMAX 1850-presentLand-only TMIN Land-only TMIN 1850-presentLand-only TAVG Land-only TAVG 1750-presentGlobal TAVG Global TAVG 1850-present For each of these products, the expected files are: Text files: - Annual average summary- Monthly average summary- Monthly ensemble summary with 50 alternative realizations NetCDF files: - Gridded ensemble file at 1 degree resolution- Gridded monthly field file at 0.25 degree resolution This gives five primary files per data product, or 20 primary files in totalacross the four products. temperature ## USING THE GRIDDED NETCDF FILES Use the gridded NetCDF files when you need spatially resolved monthlyinformation. For anomaly analysis, use the gridded temperature anomaly fields directly.For estimated actual temperatures, add the corresponding monthly climatologyfield to the anomaly field. The general relationship is: actual temperature estimate = anomaly + climatology where the climatology is selected for the same grid cell and calendar month asthe anomaly value. The NetCDF files are most appropriate for users working with geospatial orclimate data tools that can read NetCDF, such as Python/xarray, NCO, CDO,Panoply, Matlab, R, or other NetCDF-compatible software. ## ENSEMBLE REALIZATIONS The monthly ensemble summary text files contain 50 alternative realizations.These realizations are intended to represent uncertainty in the temperatureanalysis. Users may use the ensemble realizations to estimate uncertainty in derivedmonthly statistics, trends, or other analyses. When using ensemble data,analysis should generally be repeated across the ensemble members and thespread of the results used to characterize uncertainty. ## NOTES AND CAUTIONS * The Global TAVG product describes global average temperature and includes both land and ocean information. The ocean component is a reinterpolation derived from HadSST4. * The weather stations used in this reconstruction are available at: [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20427092](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20427092) * TMAX and TMIN are available here as land-only products. This collection does not include global TMAX or global TMIN products. * Berkeley Earth will publish monthly updates of this dataset on its own webpage at berkeleyearth.org. * Later releases of the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature dataset may extend the time period, update recent months, and revise earlier values. * When publishing or redistributing results derived from these files, identify the product, variable, file type, resolution when applicable, reference period, and version or access date used. ## RECOMMENDED CITATION INFORMATION When using this dataset, cite Berkeley Earth and identify the specific productand files used. At minimum, report: * Dataset name: Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature - High Resolution Dataset* Product: Land-only TMAX, Land-only TMIN, Land-only TAVG, or Global TAVG* File type: annual summary, monthly summary, monthly ensemble summary, gridded 1 degree ensemble NetCDF, or gridded 0.25 degree NetCDF* Date accessed or release date, if available ## CONTACT AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION For additional documentation, monthly updates, methodology, and relatedBerkeley Earth products, consult the Berkeley Earth project materials availablefrom Berkeley Earth at berkeleyearth.org.