Humus is one of the key components of soil, determining its physical, chemical, and biological properties. The analysis of humus fractions in the soils of the Lower Amu Darya region is of great importance for improving soil fertility and ensuring ecosystem stability. Humus fractions are formed as a result of soil organic matter accumulation, its decomposition, and complex interactions among organic and mineral components. The fractional composition of humus reflects its multifunctional nature and the ways it changes under different ecological conditions. Each fraction, characterized by specific chemical and physical properties, plays a distinct role in soil processes. For instance, heavy fractions are generally enriched with heavy metals, mineral components, and other nutrients, contributing to soil structural stability. In contrast, light fractions contain easily decomposable organic compounds and serve as a rapid source of nutrients for plants. This article provides a detailed analysis of the group and qualitative composition of humus fractions in the soils of the Lower Amu Darya region. The influence of humus fractional composition on soil fertility, as well as recommendations for soil improvement, are discussed. The findings of this study are significant for the effective management of soil resources and the maintenance of agroecological sustainability.