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ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Domain-Focused PCA on Text Embeddings Improves Semantic Retrieval: A Medical Domain Study

Authors: Giri, Sandeep;

Domain-Focused PCA on Text Embeddings Improves Semantic Retrieval: A Medical Domain Study

Abstract

General-purpose text embedding models are trained on broad web-scale corpora, encoding semantic variation across all human knowledge. When applied to retrieval in a narrow domain, most embedding dimensions carry cross-domain noise irrelevant to the task. We investigate whether applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to a domain-specific corpus — fitting the projection on document embed- dings alone — recovers a subspace that improves retrieval performance. Using OpenAI text-embedding- 3-small (1536 dimensions) over a 20-topic medical corpus (300 documents, 20 queries), we find that PCA-32 with corpus-only fitting achieves MAP 0.9203 versus a baseline of 0.8750 (+5.2%), while also increasing similarity gap 2.5× and reducing storage 48×. Through five controlled experiments, we show that domain-directed axes are essential (random projection fails), corpus-only PCA fitting outperforms fitting on queries and corpus jointly, and PCA gain increases rather than decreases as corpus diversity grows. Our findings suggest a simple, fine-tuning-free strategy for improving domain-specific retrieval on top of any pre-trained embedding model.

Keywords

PCA, text embeddings, semantic retrieval, information retrieval, medical NLP

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green