Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide and remains a leading cause of cancer related mortality. While advances in imaging and pathological staging have improved early detection, a substantial proportion of cases are still identified at locally advanced or metastatic stages, at which point treatment options are significantly limited. Molecular genetic investigations encompassing gene mutation analysis, gene expression profiling, and biomarker detection have emerged as transformative tools in oncology, offering the promise of earlier diagnosis, more precise risk stratification, and individualized therapeutic decision-making.