Mental health and well-being at the workplace have become critical concerns in the Indian organizational context due to rapid economic growth, globalization, technological advancements, and changing work patterns. Indian employees face unique stressors such as long working hours, job insecurity, work–family conflict, performance pressure, informal employment, and socio-cultural expectations. This conceptual paper aims to examine the concept of mental health and well-being at the workplace with special reference to India, identify key workplace and socio-cultural determinants influencing employee mental health, and analyze the role of Indian organizations and policy frameworks in promoting psychological well-being. Based on an extensive review of national and international literature, the study highlights the need for culturally sensitive, inclusive, and preventive workplace mental health strategies in India.