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Lealidade: o substrato que o Direito pressupõe

Authors: Nunes, Thiago;

Lealidade: o substrato que o Direito pressupõe

Abstract

RESUMO A teoria jurídica do século XX — de Kelsen a Luhmann — identificou com precisão as condições formais da validade normativa, mas deixou sem nome um pressuposto que cada uma de suas construções mobiliza sem declarar: o substrato pré-normativo que torna possível a adesão à ordem antes de qualquer norma, valor ou coerção. Este artigo propõe o conceito de lealidade para nomear esse espaço. Define-se lealidade como o sedimento de normatividade latente produzido por interações humanas reiteradas — posterior ao fático de que emerge e anterior ao normativo que sustenta; irredutível ao sein e ao sollen. A categoria distingue-se da cooperação estratégica, da virtude jusnaturalista, da hegemonia, do habitus, da autopoiese, da regra de reconhecimento, do contratualismo, da soberania coercitiva em Hobbes, do custom em Hume e das categorias hegelianas de Anerkennung e Sittlichkeit. Demonstra-se que a lealidade se identifica prioritariamente pela erosão; com o retorno do cálculo, o substrato que estava silencioso torna-se visível. Analisa-se a tirania como caso-limite, sustentada por lealdades estratificadas e pela substituição da lealdade pelo medo, e propõe-se a imagem da fronteira topológica como posição estrutural do conceito: o ponto em que o sistema normativo encontra aquilo que não pode criar por seus próprios meios. A tese não refuta Kelsen; complementa-o, nomeando o solo sobre o qual a Grundnorm pôde ser pressuposta sem macular a pureza do Direito. ABSTRACT Twentieth-century legal theory — from Kelsen to Luhmann — identified with precision the formal conditions of normative validity, yet left unnamed a presupposition that each of its constructions mobilizes without declaring: the pre-normative substrate that makes adherence to order possible prior to any norm, value, or coercion. This article proposes the concept of lealidade to name that space. Lealidade is defined as the sediment of latent normativity produced by iterated human interactions — posterior to the factual from which it emerges and anterior to the normative it sustains; irreducible to sein and to sollen. The category is distinguished from strategic cooperation, natural-law virtue, hegemony, habitus, autopoiesis, the rule of recognition, contractualism, coercive sovereignty in Hobbes, custom in Hume, and the Hegelian categories of Anerkennung and Sittlichkeit. It is shown that lealidade is identified primarily through its erosion; with the return of calculation, the substrate that was silent becomes visible. Tyranny is analyzed as a limit case, sustained by stratified loyalties and by the substitution of lealidade with fear, and the image of the topological frontier is proposed as the structural position of the concept: the point at which the normative system encounters what it cannot produce by its own means. The thesis does not refute Kelsen; it complements him by naming the soil upon which the Grundnorm could be presupposed without compromising the purity of Law.

Keywords

teoria geral do direito; substrato pré-normativo; lealdade; Grundnorm; Kelsen; Loughlin; jurisprudência política; ontologia social; teoria dos jogos; Axelrod; MacIntyre; erosão institucional; normatividade; estabilidade constitucional; processo autoimune; direito e complexidade

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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