This publication gathers the proceedings of the symposium Specialisations: Trends and Challenges in Conservation-Restoration Education, held in Prague in April 2025. It addresses a central question in the development of the conservation-restoration profession: how specialised knowledge, skills and responsibilities are defined, taught, recognised and applied within increasingly complex heritage contexts. The volume situates this debate within the broader relationship between education and professional competence. It reflects on how higher education programmes provide the scientific, ethical and methodological foundations required for professional practice, while also responding to the need for more clearly articulated specialist pathways. In this context, the frameworks developed by ENCoRE and E.C.C.O. remain key reference points for understanding professional identity, competence standards and access to the profession. Through contributions from different European contexts, the publication examines how specialisations are structured, revised and regulated in response to changing cultural, institutional, technological and labour-market conditions. The case studies presented illustrate diverse national and institutional approaches, from material-based and sectoral models to broader competency frameworks addressing polymaterial heritage, contemporary art, digital media, disaster response and heritage subject to specific legal protection. A recurrent theme is that specialisation cannot be understood as a purely curricular category. It is closely linked to professional regulation, labour-market demand, institutional capacity, heritage legislation, procurement systems and the evolving expectations placed on conservator-restorers. The proceedings also highlight the importance of transversal competencies, including communication, decision-making, leadership, interdisciplinary mediation and research literacy, as essential components of specialised professional practice. Overall, the publication argues for a dynamic understanding of specialisation as a process shaped over time through education, professional experience, lifelong learning, mentoring and knowledge exchange. By bringing together comparative perspectives, pedagogical models and critical reflections, it contributes to the ongoing definition of coherent, evidence-based and future-oriented pathways for the education, recognition and professional development of conservator-restorers in Europe.