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Seasonal Variations in the Quality of Natural Drinking Ground Water: An Empirical Study of Chamba Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India

Authors: 𝐓𝐞𝐣 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐡; 𝐇𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐏𝐚𝐥;

Seasonal Variations in the Quality of Natural Drinking Ground Water: An Empirical Study of Chamba Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India

Abstract

Seasonal variations influence both the quality and quantity of groundwater. Thisstudy therefore analyzed the quality of water in seven major traditional natural drinking watersources, randomly selected from different drainage systems in the Chamba Valley ofHimachal Pradesh, India, during the summer, autumn, and winter seasons. We empiricallyassessed water from the sources at Rajnoun, Tatwani, Kuranh, Lohri Nara, Kandu,Nainikhad, and Sarol for five key parameters: turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS),total hardness (CaCO3), and chloride (Cl-). The results showed that autumn turbidity and pHof the water source at Sarol exceeded acceptable limits, while turbidity at Rajnoun, LohriNara, and Kandu was above approved levels but below the maximum permissible values asper BIS 2012 (IS:10500) standards. All sources maintained acceptable TDS, total hardness(CaCO3), and chloride (Cl-) levels across seasons, with pH generally within range except atSarol. The elevated turbidity and pH of the water in the Sarol source are correlated with itswell-like structure, where large volumes of water remain stagnant for extended periods, andpeople draw it using their utensils. In contrast, other sources feature surface water drainagesystems. Although all parameters of the water sources investigated fall within drinking waterlimits, they require specific maintenance to ensure the ongoing safety of groundwaterresources.Keywords: Chamba Town,

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