Abstract This review explores the diverse bioactivities of monoterpenes found in essential oils, focusing on their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. Monoterpenes are natural compounds found in plants that offer significant benefits to human health. Using a systematic screening approach inspired by PRISMA guidelines, this paper synthesizes findings from 50 scientific studies published over the past decade to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and identify future research directions. The synthesis highlights the potential of these compounds as potent natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, particularly in their protective roles against various chronic diseases. Our findings demonstrate that these natural plant-derived molecules offer valuable insights for the development of novel natural medicines and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, the review underscores the importance of monoterpenes in enhancing strategies for food safety and preservation, reflecting their dual utility in both clinical medicine and the agroindustry. Ultimately, this systematic evaluation confirms that monoterpenes possess significant pharmacological potential, making them ideal candidates for drug development and sustainable natural health solutions.