Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most widespread viral infections globally and represents a major etiological factor in the development of cervical cancer and other anogenital and oropharyngeal malignancies. This study aims to evaluate modern approaches to the early detection of HPV infection and to identify strategies for improving its diagnosis and treatment. HPV infects epithelial tissues and may remain asymptomatic; however, persistent infection with high-risk types, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18, can lead to the development of precancerous lesions and invasive cancer through the action of viral oncoproteins that disrupt normal cell cycle regulation. The results of this study demonstrate that early detection methods have significantly evolved, with HPV DNA testing showing higher sensitivity compared to conventional cytological screening. Combined approaches, such as co-testing, provide optimal diagnostic accuracy by integrating molecular and cytological methods. Additionally, the use of biomarkers such as p16INK4a and Ki-67 improves the differentiation between transient infections and clinically significant lesions, thereby enhancing clinical decision-making. From a therapeutic perspective, early-stage HPV-related lesions can be effectively treated using minimally invasive procedures, including cryotherapy, laser ablation, and loop electrosurgical excision. However, these methods do not eliminate the virus itself, which has led to the development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches and therapeutic vaccines aimed at targeting viral persistence. Preventive strategies, particularly HPV vaccination, have demonstrated substantial effectiveness in reducing infection rates and the incidence of HPV-related diseases, although challenges related to accessibility and coverage remain. In conclusion, improving early detection and treatment of HPV infection requires an integrated approach combining advanced diagnostic technologies, effective treatment modalities, and comprehensive preventive measures. Continued research and public health efforts are essential to reduce the global burden of HPV-related diseases and improve patient outcomes.