This study presents a comparative historical analysis of environmental issues in the Caspian and Seven Rivers regions at the end of the XIX and the beginning of the XX centuries. The research examines the key drivers of ecological transformations, including the colonial policies of the Russian Empire, the expansion of economic activities, and demographic changes. Special attention is given to the interaction between anthropogenic impacts and the natural environment, as well as to the long-term consequences of environmental degradation. The study is conducted within the framework of environmental history, which allows for a comprehensive understanding of the historical roots of current ecological challenges in Central Asia.