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Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY
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Research . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Research . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Rethinking Last-Mile Routing at Scale: Near-Linear Planning on Commodity Hardware

Authors: vizzolini, martin;

Rethinking Last-Mile Routing at Scale: Near-Linear Planning on Commodity Hardware

Abstract

This work presents a practical architecture for large-scale last-mile route optimization under real-world constraints, including vehicle capacity, package volume, time windows, and route limits. The system is designed to handle routing problems ranging from small instances to millions of stops without requiring problem partitioning or specialized infrastructure. It combines parallel constraint-aware clustering, distributed rebalancing, and fast route-level optimization to produce globally coherent fleet plans. Evaluated on the Amazon Last Mile Routing Research Challenge dataset, the approach reduces total route distance by 23.3% and route count by 11.1%, with a mean depot-level improvement of 17.59%, while satisfying all operational constraints. In extended experiments, the system processes up to one million stops in approximately 20 minutes on commodity hardware, exhibiting near-linear empirical scaling. This work argues that large-scale routing is fundamentally a systems problem, and demonstrates that scalable, efficient solutions can be achieved through architectural design rather than relying solely on algorithmic advances.

Keywords

python, route optimization, last-mile routing, vehicle routing problem, algorithms, optimization, vrp

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green