The 2nd Semantic Annotation for the Ancient World (SA4AW) conference examines the role of semantic annotation in dialogue with hybrid AI approaches, large language models (LLMs), deep learning, and knowledge graphs in the study of the ancient world and cultural heritage. Semantic annotation—whether manual, automated, or human-in-the-loop—enables the identification and linking of concepts, entities, and relationships, transforming raw textual and visual data into structured, interoperable knowledge. At a moment when LLMs can generate fluent interpretations but require grounding in domain-specific context, semantic annotation and knowledge graphs provide essential transparency, precision, and reusability. We welcome contributions that showcase methods, tools, case studies, theoretical reflections, and cross-disciplinary collaborations. In line with FAIR and Linked Open Data principles, the conference encourages open and accessible research practices. About the Semantic Annotation for the Ancient World (SA4AW) Conferences Focus & Scope, Editorial Policy & Ethics, Editorial Board, see here . The first Semantic Annotation for the Ancient World conference took place in Rethymno on May 20-21, 2025. For the keynotes & programme see here: SA4AW 2025 The second Semantic Annotation for the Ancient World conference will take place in Rethymno on May 7-8, 2026. For the keynotes & programme see here: SA4AW 2026 Conference organizers: Dr. Maria Papadopoulou & Rachel Milio, TALOS LAB in AI4SSH, University of Crete (Greece) Editorial Board: Prof. Elton Barker (OU), Prof. Monica Berti (Leipzig), Prof. Christophe Roche (USMB, UoC), Ass. Prof. Wei Tong (PKU), Chair: Ass. Prof. Maria Papadopoulou (UoC)